PHIL 240 Chapter Notes -Atheism

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champagnegoat805

4 Oct 2011

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Liberty principle (harm principle): one may justifiably limit a person"s freedom of action only if they threaten harm to another. Condition: applicable to any member of a civilized community . Argument: liberty is only valuable under certain conditions, otherwise liberty can do great harm. Difference between having certainty in a view and for the view to be certain. What about the objection that certain thoughts can be harmful to society? (atheism, etc. ) Mill"s rebuttal: the usefulness of an opinion is itself an opinion -> infinite regress. But accepting that, one would have no more reason to permit freedom of thought than one would have to ban it. Mill: generally better to have expression of ideas both true and false, untested, become dead dogma. We go to sleep at for true beliefs, [the] post as soon as there is no enemy in the field .

Related Questions

A Particle in a box
In order to answer the following questions you will need toconsideran infinite potential
well of length L, in which a particle has been confined.

1. For principal quantum number n=7, write code to calculatethenormalization constant.
Then, plot the probability density function for this state (usingL= 10).
2. Using the properly normalized wave equation from Question1,write code to determine
the expectation values <x> and <x2> . Is <x>oneof the most probable positions? Explain
why.
3. Using the properly normalized wave equation from Question1,write code to determine
the expectation values <p> and <p2> . Show the valueyouobtain for <p2> is equal to
2mE7 (where E7 is the energy of the n = 7 level). Remember that pisa differential
operator so you will have to use the diff command.
4. The uncertainty of a quantum measurement is defined on page222,Equation 6.41 (3rd
edition SMM). Using this equation calculate the uncertainties oftheposition and
momentum of a particle in the n = 5 state. Compute the productofthese uncertainties and
compare this with the prediction of the Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple.
Quantum oscillator
5. Repeat calculations in the previous question for the groundstatewave function of the
quantum oscillator. Comment on the obtained result.

Vapor cycles
5EM - Thermodynamics
September 2010
1 The T-S diagram
The temperature-entropy diagram is an alternative to the well knownpressure-
volume diagram. Before using it to analyze different vapor cycles,we need
to understand it properly.
1. Plot the following transformations for ideal gases in a T-Sdiagram
(a) Isothermal expansion
(b) Isobaric expansion
(c) Isometric heating
(d) Reversible adiabatic expansion
(e) Irreversible adiabatic expansion
2. Repeat the last question, but this time do it for a realsubstance,
starting in the compressed liquid1 region and ending in thesuperheated
region, when possible. Indicate the boundaries of eachregion.
3. We know that under certain circumstances the area under theplot
in a P-V diagram represents the work performed during theprocess.
What does it represent in this case? Under what assumptions isyour
answer true? Compare examples 6.1 and 6.2.
2 Thermal machines
We understand by thermal machine a device capable of transformingther-
mal energy (heat) into mechanical energy (work). We already knowthat
these machines have a limited efficiency which, in the two-sourcesmodel, is
obtained by Carnotâs cycle.
(Compressed liquid is sometimes also called subcooled liquid)
2.1 Carnot cycle
This cycle, although efficient, is impractical. To begin with, theextreme
temperatures of the cycle should be within the sources temperaturesfor a
finite heat flow to exist.
1. Given the temperature of the sources, draw the cycle accordingto the
named limitation.
2. Show that this leads to lower efficiency than the theoreticallimit.
3. Assume that heat flow from/to the sources is proportional to thetem-
perature difference between them and the working fluid, anddemon-
strate that a higher power output is related to a decreasedefficiency.
2.2 Rankine cycle
Out of the several practical possibilities, Rankine cycle and itsvariations is
widely used, especially for electric power generation.
1. Draw the basic cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. What does the efficiency of the cycle depend on? Comparewith
Carnotâs.
3. What are the differences between the ideal cycle and the realone?
4. Describe how it is modified by superheating and/or reheating.Explain
te benefits.
2.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.13, 8.19, 8.20
3 Frigorific machines
3.1 Reverse Carnot cycle
We have already studied Carnot cycle in detail as the ideal thermalmachine.
Now we will take is as the starting point to understand thecharacteristics
of frigorific machines.
1. Draw the ideal cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. Show that this cycle has a theoretical efficiency Ã =Tcold/Thot-Tcold
3. What are the difficulties in implementing such cycle in actualdevices?
3.2 Actual refrigerators
1. Why is the turbine replaced by an expansion valve in mostcases?
2. Plot the actual cycle and explain the differences with the idealcase.
3. How do cascade and multistage systems improve the performanceof
the refrigerator?
4. What aspects are important in the choice of a refrigerant fluid?Justify
3.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 10.2 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.22, 10.23 10.1D

MAC, Inc. (the company you work for) has decided to move forwardwith a feasibility
study for a product it wishes to manufacture and sell. This productis a particle launcher that should have the capability, for everyactivation, of launching two particles into the air at twodifferent times and at two different angles of elevation, in anautomated fashion so that they both land at the same distance fromthe launch point at the same time. For example, let P1 and P2 betwo particles, let T1 and T2 be two times, and let theta1 andtheta2 be two angles of elevation. Once activated, the launchershould be able to operate so that particle P1 is launched at timeT1 with an angle of elevation theta 1, and particle P2 islaunched
at time T2 with an angle of elevation theta2.
The launcher must be configured by a technician, prior to eachactivation, so that the
initial speed is set for the launcher, and the distance from thelauncher to where both
particles will land is set. For each activation of the launcher,the initial speed will be the
same for both particles. Once the technician has set the initialspeed and desired distance,
the launcher must calculate the angles of elevation to use and howmuch time to wait in
between particle launches. Then, when the technician activates thelauncher, both
particles will be launched at the appropriate angles of elevationand at the appropriate
times so that they both land at the configured distance from thelauncher at the same time.
The launcher, based on its calculations, will change the angle ofelevation to be ready for
the second particle launch. The launcher, however, must flash awarning for the
technician if the information the technician used to configure thelauncher does not result
in a two-particle launching solution.
Certain assumptions must be made. It is assumed that that launchercan always change
the angle of elevation to get ready for the second particle launchfaster than the time
delay calculated for the second particle launch. It is assumed thatthe units for speed are
meters per second, that the units for distance are meters, and thatgravity is 9.8 meters per
second squared. It is assumed that gravity is the only force actingon the motion of the
particles after launch, and that there is no wind to be considered,so that the particles land
at a point exactly in line with the direction the launcher ispointed.
The questions that must be answered and written up in anengineering report are as
follows:
1. Given the initial speed and desired landing distance for theparticles, find the
mathematical expressions that must be used to find 1, 2, and thetime delay
between particle launches.
2. Determine under which conditions the launcher will not be ableto perform the
operation requested, and will consequently flash a warning to thetechnician.
3. Each particle launched will follow a path of motion that isparabolic. Show that
the vertex of the parabola for each particleâs path occurs at thesame distance from
the launcher.
4. Along the path of each launched particle, there will be amaximum curvature.
Find that maximum curvature for each launched particle.

PHIL 240 Chapter Notes -Atheism

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