BIOLOGY 1A03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 16: Aminoacyl-Trna, Snrnp, Ribosomal Rna

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BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

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The first step of the synthesis of protein is the transcription of a gene and the production of messenger rna. The rna message is a short lived copy of the archived instructions in dna. The sequence in ribonucleotides in the mrna is then translated into amino acids. Transcription occurs when rna pol matches the base ribonucleotide triphosphate with the complementary base in a gene- a section of dna that codes for a protein or rna. Once a matching ribonucleotide is in place, rna pol catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3" end of the growing mrna chain and the new ribonucleotide. Template strand= the strand being read by the enzyme. Non-template strand= aka non coding strand because its sequence matches the sequence of the rna that is transcribed from the template strand and codes for a polypeptide. Rna has uracil instead of thymine in the coding strand.

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1. What reaction is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase and used in the laboratory to generate cDNA?

a. transcription of RNA to DNA

b. transcription of DNA to RNA

c. conversion of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides

d. translation of RNA to DNA

e. conversion of a ribonucleotide to a DNA double helix

2. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine the amount of mRNA arising from a particular gene.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. b and c

3. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine how a primary transcript is converted to mature mRNA

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. a and d

4. In eukaryotic cells, _________determine when a particular mRNA is actually used in protein synthesis.

a. transcriptional-level controls

b. RNA processing-level controls

c. translational-level controls

d. replication-level controls

e. None of the above because protein synthesis takes place immediately

5. Under what circumstances do cells selectively activate and suppress their genes?

a. at different stages of embryonic development

b. in different tissues

c. exposure to different types of stimuli

d. No such circumstances exist in natureâcells express all their genes throughout life.

e. a, b and c

6. Which statement about the control of gene expression is FALSE?

a. A single gene may be controlled by different transcription factors.

b. A single transcription factor may be necessary for the expression of different genes.

c. Each cell type has a characteristic pattern of gene transcription, which is determined by the particular complement of transcription factors contained in that cell.

d. Expression of protein genes is primarily controlled in nucleoli

e. Control of gene transcription is complex and influenced by various circumstances.

7. What is thought to maintain X chromosome inactivation in females?

a. DNA acetylation

b. DNA methylation

c. RNA inactivation

d. Histone methylation

e. None of the above because both X chromosomes are active in females and males.

crimsonplatypus494

DNA Structure and Function LabReport

DNA Structure
Which two scientists are credited with discovering DNA?

Name the nitrogen bases that are purines.

Which nitrogen base pairs with thymine?

List the three components of a nucleotide.

DNA Replication
What is the purpose of DNA replication?

How many times does replication occur in the life of acell?

In the Lab, Exercise 2, the original strand on the left had thebases shown below. Input the new bases that correctly pair with theoriginal strand.

Original	New
C
A
G
T

RNA Structure

Describe the structure and function of RNA.

Refer to Exercise 3 and record the bases of the RNA strandproduced from the replicated DNA strand.

DNA	RNA
C
A
G
T

Record the differences between DNA and RNA in the tablebelow.

	DNA	RNA
Sugars
Bases
Strands

RNA Synthesis

The process of assembling RNA is called _________.

How is replication different from transcription?

Refer to Exercise 4. Write the letters for the base sequence ofmRNA in the spaces below DNA. Note that the order is reversed;start with the 3â end of the DNA strand and the 5â end of the mRNAstrand. Transcription is DNA to mRNA. Note RNA contains Uracilinstead of Thymine; There is no thymine in RNA.

DNA

3â

5â

mRNA

5â

3â

Protein Synthesis

What type of RNA provides amino acids to build polypeptidechains?

If a mRNA strand has the bases 5â CUC 3â, what amino acid willbe translated? Refer to the printable chart in Exercise 5.

Where in the cell does translation occur?

Genes

What could be the problem if there is a change in the basesequence of a gene as it is passed down to the offspring?

Give an example of a disorder that results from changes in theamino acid sequence.

What causes sickle cell anemia?

Gene Cloning

What is the function of a plasmid?

Print the document from Lab, Exercise 6. Complete the activityalong with the video demonstration. Sign, date, and take an imageof your final product and include with this lab report.

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1. _________________________ is the name of the process that produces proteins using RNA molecules.

a.Transcription

b Translation

c. Replication

d. Mutagenesis

2. The peptide bonding site on the ribosome:

a. A site

b. P site

c. E site

d. D site

3. The name given to the bond formed between two amino acids.

a. Hydrogen bond

b. Double bond

c. Peptide bond

d. Negative bond

4. __________________________ is the movement of the mRNA molecule on the ribosome to open up the A-site for the new incoming amino acid.

a. Transformation

b. Mutation

c. Translocation

d. Initiation

5. What does the term semi-conservative mean.

a. Replication of RNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of one old strand of RNA and one new strand of RNA.

b. Replication of DNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of one old strand of DNA and one new strand of DNA.

c. Replication of DNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of new strands of nucleotides.

d. Transcription of RNA is semi conservative.

6. This molecule functions during protein synthesis to recognize the codon and bring the proper amino acid back to the ribosome for translation.

a. mRNA

b. tRNA

c. rRNA

d. DNA polymerase

7. What is meant by the base-pairing rule.

a. Bases on a single strand of DNA are always found as pairs

b. Adenine always base pairs with guanine; cytosine with thymine

c. Adenine always base pairs with thymine; cytosine with guanine

d. Bases on a single strand of RNA are found in pair.

8. In this step of protein synthesis, amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain.

a. Initiation.

b. Elongation.

c. Termination.

d. Transpiration.

9. Three complementary bases found in a mRNA are called ____________________.

a. Anti-codon.

b. Triplet.

c. Doublet.

d. Codons.

10. Which statement best describes the job or function of the messenger RNA.

a. Carries the map of the gene sequence in the form of codons to the cytoplasm

for translation of the protein.

b. It transfers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

c. It forms the ribosomes.

d. It helps replicate DNA.

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BIOLOGY 1A03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 16: Aminoacyl-Trna, Snrnp, Ribosomal Rna

BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

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