BIOLOGY 1A03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 14: Frameshift Mutation, Noncoding Dna, Dna Replication
BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes
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QUESTION 1
A mutation caused by exposure to gamma rays is called a spontaneous mutation
a. | True | |
b. | False | |
c. | Sometimes, depending on the type of base change | |
d. | Gamma rays do not cause mutations |
QUESTION 2
A recessive mutation affecting an essential biochemical pathway can be detected________
a. | when the organism is heterozygous for that mutation. | |
b. | when the organism is homozygous for that mutation. | |
c. | in either homozygous or heterozygous conditions. | |
d. | only by sequencing (recessive mutations never show a phenotype). |
QUESTION 3
During DNA replication, the newly synthesized chain grows by adding
a. | nitrogenous bases | |
b. | the sugar-phosphate backbone | |
c. | nucleosides | |
d. | dNTPs |
QUESTION 4
During replication, the DNA strand 5â- AAGTCTAGCCTAG -3â will serve as a template for the polymerization of:
a. | 5â- CTAGGCTAGACTT -3â | |
b. | 5â - TTCAGATCGGATC -3â | |
c. | 5â - GATCCGATCTGAA -3â | |
d. | 3â - AAGTCTAGCCTAG -5â |
QUESTIOn 5
Given the following DNA sequences, select which statement(s) is(are) correct.
Sequence 1:
5â-TGGACGCTAA-3â
3â-ACCTGCGATT-5â
Sequence 2:
5â-AATCGCAGGT-3â
3â-TTAGCGTCCA-5â
Sequence 3:
5â-ACCTGCGATT-3â
3â-TGGACGCTAA-5â
a. | Sequences 1 and 2 are the same | |
b. | Sequences 1 and 3 are the same | |
c. | Sequences 2 and 3 are the same | |
d. | Sequences 1, 2 and 3 are all different |
QUESTION 6
Repetitive sequences in the genome are hotspots for:
a. | Deamination | |
b. | Depurination | |
c. | Thymine dimer formation | |
d. | Replication errors |
QUESTION 7
Select which statement(s) about the Ames test is(are) correct
a. | it has been designed to understand mutation repair systems in Salmonella typhimurium | |
b. | it uses mammalian liver extract | |
c. | it allows to study whether chemical compounds or their enzymatic breakdown products are mutagenic | |
d. | it is based on whether a chemical compound causes reversion mutations from his+ to his- | |
e. | two of the above are correct | |
f. | three of the above are correct |
QUESTION 8
Select which statement(s) is(are) correct.
a. | All DNA strands have a direction, and it is specified by the carbons in the sugar backbone. | |
b. | All DNA strands have a direction, and it is specified by hydrogen bonds between nucleotides. | |
c. | In order to form proper base pairs in a double stranded DNA molecule, the two strands must run in opposite directions. | |
d. | A and C are correct. | |
e. | B and C are correct. |
QUESTION 9
Studies of gene mutation frequencies have shown that:
a. | mutations are rare, and genomes are generally stable. | |
b. | mutation frequencies differ among organisms and also between genes, suggesting certain genes are more susceptible to mutation. | |
c. | mutation frequencies are consistent between organisms, and each region of DNA is equally susceptible to random mutations. | |
d. | Both A and B are correct. | |
e. | Both A and C are correct. |
QUESTION 10
The compound 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is a derivative of uracil, and if BrdU becomes incorporated during DNA replication, it pairs with adenine. This compound is best classified as which type of mutagen?
a. | base analog | |
b. | base inducer | |
c. | intercalating agent | |
d. | oxidative agent | |
e. | alkylating agent |
QUESTION 11
The rate of mutation of the fruit fly is higher than the rate of mutation of Algae
True
False
QUESTION 12
Thymine dimers are most commonly caused by which of the following?
a. | X-rays | |
b. | Alkylating agents | |
c. | U.V. irradiation | |
d. | DNA intercalating agents |
QUESTION 13
What chemical group is found in the 3â end of a DNA strand?
a. | an alcohol | |
b. | a hydroxyl | |
c. | a methyl | |
d. | a phosphate |
QUESTION 14
What chemical group is found in the 5â end of a DNA strand?
a. | an alcohol | |
b. | a hydroxyl | |
c. | a methyl | |
d. | a phosphate |
QUESTION 15
Which is the correct order of molecules binding to DNA during DNA replication?
a. | Helicase, SSB, primase, DNA pol III, DNA pol I, ligase | |
b. | SSB, DNA pol I, ligase, helicase, DNA pol I, primase | |
c. | primase, helicase, DNA pol III, ligase, DNA pol I, SSB | |
d. | SSB, helicase, primase, DNA pol III, DNA pol I, ligase |
QUESTION 16
Which statement(s) is(are) correct about strand slippage?
a. | It can cause disorders such as Huntingon disease. | |
b. | It is a process that causes mutations altering the number of DNA repeats. | |
c. | It is a process that incorporates nucleotide base analogs and trinucleotide repeats. | |
d. | a and b are correct. | |
e. | b and c are correct. | |
f. | a, b and c are correct. |
help needed asap.
QUESTION 1: The rabies virus primarily affects the nervous system. The specificity that the rabies virus has for neuronal host cells is primarily dictated by __________________________.
A. the helical shape of its viral capsid |
B. the type of nucleic acid used for its viral genome (single-stranded, antisense RNA) |
C. the spikes that protrude from its viral envelope |
D. the segmented nature of its viral genome |
QUESTION 2: Which of the following genome types has been observed in viruses? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.
A. Single-stranded RNA |
B. Single-stranded DNA |
C. Double-stranded RNA |
D. Protein-based |
QUESTION 3: Choose the correct statement about viral evolution.
A. RNA and DNA viral genomes evolve at equal rates. | ||||||||||||
B. Cellular genomes mutate at a faster rate than viral genomes due to their large size and increased chance of replicative mistakes. | ||||||||||||
C. DNA viruses mutate faster than RNA viruses because thymine is more susceptible to mutation than uracil. | ||||||||||||
D. RNA viruses mutate faster than DNA viruses due to a lack of proofreading replicative enzymes. QUESTION 4: Your elderly patient is affected by shingles. After careful observation, you note that the virus responsible for the infection has an icosahedral capsid, is enveloped, and has double-stranded linear DNA as its genetic material. Based on this information, in which of the following viral families would you group this viral pathogen?
QUESTION 5: Which of the following is a key difference between lytic and lysogenic bacteriophage replication cycles?
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QUESTION 1. Choose the true statement about prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication. A.Eukaryotic DNA replication involves less protein factors than does prokaryotic DNA replication. |
B. Prokaryotic DNA polymerases replicate DNA 5' to 3', while eukaryotic DNA polymerases replicate DNA 3' to 5'. |
C. Eukaryotic DNA replication begins at multiple origins of replication, while prokaryotic DNA replication begins at a single origin of replication. |
D. Prokaryotic genomes take longer to replicate than eukaryotic genomes. |
QUESTION 2. Bacterial cells use DNA replication to:
A. make back-up copies of their genome in case of a mutation. |
B. manifest multiple phenotypes at once. |
C. copy their genetic material prior to binary fission. |
D. build functional proteins. |
QUESTION 3. Choose the true statement about the genetic code.
A. A cell's mRNA code is read four nucleotides at a time to specify a single amino acid. |
B. The genetic code encodes 64 amino acids, one for each of the 64 corresponding codons. |
C. The genetic code is redundant, with multiple codons specifying a single amino acid. |
D. The genetic code varies widely among organisms, with each having a different set of codons for a corresponding amino acid. |
QUESTION 4. Of the following enzymes, which are correctly matched with their function? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all correctly matched statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.
A. Helicase, relieves torsion stress as DNA unwinds |
B. Ligase, covalently bonds adjacent Okazaki fragments |
C. Primase, removes RNA primers |
D. DNA polymerase III, builds most of the DNA on the leading and lagging strand |
QUESTION 5. Which of the following contributes to DNA replication accuracy? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.
A. The capacity to proofread improves DNA replication accuracy. |
B. A slow rate of DNA replication contributes to accuracy. |
C. The use of primase improves DNA replication accuracy. |
D. DNA replication accuracy is improved thanks to complementary base pairing rules. |