CHEM 2OA3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: Nucleophile, Electrophile

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Bonds can break homolytically or heterolytically: heterolytic: both electrons move to one atom uncharged radicals. Bond dissociation energy (bde): energy associated with homolytic cleavage. Total change in enthalpy = heat of reaction: exothermic: gives energy to surrounding, endothermic: takes energy from surrounding. Reaction coordinate diagrams: x-axis: reaction coordinate, y-axis: enthalpy (h) or free energy (g) Entropy s: molecular disorder, randomness, or freedom: number of states a molecules energy can be distributed over, if it can be distributed through a higher number of vibrational, rotational, and translational states, sample will have greater entropy. Both cases entropy increases: rings are more organised than chains, and lower amount of molecules are more ordered than greater numbers. 6. 3 gibbs free energy g & 6. 4 equilibria. Negative free energy = spontaneous, exergonic: favours products, will reach an equilibrium where products > reactants, greater magnitude of g, greater difference in equilibrium concentrations.

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