PSYCH 1X03 Chapter Notes - Chapter 14: Inclusive Fitness, Assistive Technology, Cuckold
2 May 2018
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Psychology 1XX3 – Notes
Tutorial 2:
Evolution I & II
⁃ In the bystander effect, helping someone else does not always improve
your own fitness
⁃ Hamiltons rule predicts that rB > C (r: probability that actor and recipient
share genes, B is the reproductive benefit to the recipient, and C: reproductive
cost to the actor)
⁃ Hamiltons rule predicts when altruistic behaviour is favourable
⁃ inclusive fitness:
⁃ Fitness: ability to reproduce, and pass on your genes to another genes
textbook (most recent text, no older than last year) and handbook
Module 1:
⁃ psychology involves multiple vales of analysis
⁃ development: gene-development interactions across an individuals
lifespan
⁃ evolution: gene environment interactions across evolutionary history
⁃ neuroscience: the study of the nervous system
⁃ Development: refers to the changes and continuities that occur within the
individual between conception and death.
⁃ Maturation:The biologically-timed unfolding of changes within the
individual according to the individuals genetic plan
⁃ learning: relatively permanent changes in our thoughts, behaviours, and
feelings as a result of our experiences. The acquisition of neural representations
of new information
⁃ Interactionist perspective: a view that hold that most developmental
changes reflects the interaction of maturation and learning.
⁃ Studying development:
⁃ four ways to measure abilities in infants
⁃ Habituation procedure: repeating showing the infant a stimulus and
measuring changes in heart rate and breathing.
⁃ Habituation: a decrease in the responsiveness to a stimulus following its
repeated presentation
⁃ dishabituation: an increase in responsiveness
⁃ Event related potential: measure of the brain electrical activity evoked by a
stimuli
⁃ High amplitude sucking method: measure sucking speed without stimuli,
when presented to stimuli, if interested they suck faster
⁃ Preference method: infant is put in a looking chamber, and observed to
see what stimulus is preferred.
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⁃ Competence-performance distinction: an individual may fail a task not
because they lack those cognitive abilities, but because they are unable to
demonstrate those abilities.
⁃ Longitudinal design: a developmental research design in which the same
individuals are studied repeatedly over some subset of their lifespan
⁃ advantages: allows researchers to asses developmental change
⁃ Disadvantages: cost and time (expensive), selective attrition (loss of
participants in a study such that the sample end up being non-responsive of the
population as a whole), practice effects (changes in participants responses due
to repeated testing)
⁃ Cross sectional design: a developmental research design in which
individuals from different age groups are studied at the same point in time
⁃ advantages: allows researcher to assess developmental change, and is
relatively less time consuming and expensive; can uncover age difference
⁃ disadvantages: cannot distinguish age effects from generational effects,
and cannot directly individual
Module 2:
Introduction to Hereditary information
⁃ genotype: an individuals inherited genes
⁃ phenotype: the expression of the genotype in terms of observable
characteristics
⁃ 4 patterns of genetic expression:
⁃ simple dominant-recessive inheritance: a pattern of inheritance in which
the expression of a traits determined by a single pair of alleles.
⁃ Homozygous: when two alleles have the same effect on the phenotype
⁃ heterozygous: when two alleles have a different effect on the phenotype
⁃ dominant allele is expression in the phenotype
⁃ recessive allele is not expressed but still inheritable
⁃ polygenetic inheritance: the interaction of multiple genes creating a
complex answer ex. height and weight
⁃ codominance: two dominant alleles are equally expressed as compromise
of genes.
⁃ sex-linked inheritance: genes expressed on the x chromosome. recessive
genes expressed on x gene are result on colour blindness. Because females
have 2 x chromosomes the phenotypic recessive expression occurs less when
compared to males
Introduction to the Interactionist Perspective
⁃ The interactionist perspective (nature vs nurture):
⁃ The extreme behaviourist: a persons development is independent of
genetic factors.
⁃ The genetic point: who you became was largely predetermined by genetic
factors
⁃ Canalization principle:
⁃ genotype restrict the phenotype to a small number of possible
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find more resources at oneclass.com
developmental outcomes
⁃ some developmental processes are offer against environment variability.
⁃ the babbling example: independent of environment, all infants follow the
same developmental sequence of babbling.
⁃ The range of reaction principle: genotype establishes a range of possible
responses to different kinds of life experiences.
⁃ Passive genotype: genotype of parents influences the environment of their
children
⁃ Active genotype: genotype influences the type of environment one seeks
out
⁃ evocative genotype: genotype influences the way others treat an individual
Introduction to Critical Periods
⁃ critical period: a window of opportunity within an individuals development
in which particular environment stimulation is necessary in order to see
permanent changes in specific abilities.
⁃ experience-expectant brain growth: our brains have evolved to expect a
certain amount of environmental input, and with this input, our brains develop
normally
⁃ experience-dependent brain growth: our brains develop according to or
own experiences, across the lifespan
⁃ sensitive period: brain maintains some capacity for change and growth in
adulthood;our brains develop according to our own personal experience
⁃ flexibility in the timing and type of stimulation required for normal
development.
Introduction to Adaptations:
⁃ Adaptation: are biological traits that help an individual to survive and
reproduce in its habitat. Adaptations perform a specific function.
⁃ sexual selection: natural selection arising through preference by one sex
for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex.
⁃ intrasexual competition: members of the same sex compete with each
other, and the winners gain mating privileges to the opposite sex
⁃ intersexual competition: members of one sex prefer certain qualities in
mates ex. deep voice pitch is correlated to attractiveness in women
⁃ male voice pitch
⁃ advantage: better sexual attractiveness
⁃ disadvantage: lower pitch voice decreases immune system, and creates a
low quality of semen.
⁃ Key assumptions
⁃ behaviour = psychological mechanisms + input from environment
⁃ evolved psychological mechanisms are coded in the brain
⁃ evolved psychological mechanisms are described as information
processing skills to solve adaptive problems.
⁃ sexes face different adaptive qualities
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Psychology 1xx3 notes psychology involves multiple vales of analysis development: gene-development interactions across an individuals. Maturation:the biologically-timed unfolding of changes within the learning: relatively permanent changes in our thoughts, behaviours, and. In the bystander effect, helping someone else does not always improve evolution: gene environment interactions across evolutionary history neuroscience: the study of the nervous system. Development: refers to the changes and continuities that occur within the. Hamilton(cid:1685)s rule predicts when altruistic behaviour is favourable inclusive fitness: Fitness: ability to reproduce, and pass on your genes to another genes. Module 1: lifespan individual between conception and death. individual according to the individuals genetic plan feelings as a result of our experiences. Interactionist perspective: a view that hold that most developmental. Studying development: four ways to measure abilities in infants. Habituation procedure: repeating showing the infant a stimulus and. High amplitude sucking method: measure sucking speed without stimuli, Preference method: infant is put in a looking chamber, and observed to.
