BIOL 205 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Transcription Bubble, Noncoding Dna, Stem-Loop

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13 May 2017

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Genes of higher eukaryote are usually composed of exons that are coding, expressed regions, and introns, non-coding regions. A spliceosome removes the introns and joins the exons in a process called rna splicing. Humans have about 21 000 genes that encode for 100 000 proteins because of alternative splicing. Non-protein-coding rna (ncrna) perform many essential roles. Rna copy of the gene must be synthesized in a process called transcription: first step is to copy, or transcribe, the information into a strand of rna, using. Dna as a template: converted into an amino acid chain (protein) by translation. In eukaryotes, these take place in two different places, the former being in the nucleus and the latter being in the cytoplasm: before going into the cytoplasm, unde(cid:396)goes (cid:396)e(cid:373)o(cid:448)al of i(cid:374)t(cid:396)o(cid:374)s, (cid:1009)" (cid:272)ap a(cid:374)d pol(cid:455)-a tail addition. Pulse-chase experiment: infected bacteria are fed radioactive uracil (needed for only.

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Match the following:

1	Region which lies upstream of thetranslation start site contains the Shine Dalgarno sequence
2	Sequence added to the 3' end of thepre-mRNA which affects mRNA stability
3	Establishes the reading frame andspecifies the first amino acid of the protein chain
4	DNA sequence that the transcriptionapparatus recognizes and binds to initiate transcription
5	Expressed sequences of DNA that arenot removed during alternative splicing
6	Signals the end of translation andthe protein molecule
7	Group of three nucleotides that codefor an amino acid
8	Site begins the coding region of thegene and is located 25-30 nucleotides downstream of the TATAbox
9	Non-coding sequences of DNA thatintervene within coding regions of a gene
	10 Ribosome binding site ineukaryotes; functions in the initiation of translation and mRNAstability
11	A sequence which lies downstream ofthe coding region of the gene; determines the location of the 3'cleavage site in the pre-mRNA molecule
12	Sequence of nucleotides at the 3' endof the mRNA that is not translated into protein; affects thetranslation and stability of the mRNA molecule

A.	5' untranslated region
B.	AAUAAA consensus sequence
C.	Promoter
D.	Transcription start site
E.	3' untranslated region
F.	Introns
G.	Initiation codon (AUG)
H.	Poly(A) tail
I.	5' cap
J.	Termination codon (UAA, UGA, UAG)
K.	Exons
L.	Sense codon

ivorymacaw91

22. What is probably the single most important distinction between bacteria and eukaryotes?

a. transcription

b. the separation of the cell's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm

c. the existence of ribosomes

d. RNA processing in bacteria

e. antibiotics

23. Which one does NOT characterize an open reading frame (ORF)

a. Uses six reading frames during translation

b. Contains a start codon

c. Contains a stop codon

d. Its length is in multiples of 3 nucleotides

e. It should have the number of codons for a protein or on average ~250 codons in length.

24. Nested intronic genes lie within the non-coding intronic region of a larger gene, and occur in the human genome.

a. True

b. False

25. How would you characterize this statement: EF-Tu will hydrolyze GTP only if the codon:anticodon & tRNA:amino acid matchings are correct

a. Transcription; initiation steps

b. Transcription; termination steps

c. Translation: initiation steps

d. Tanslation: elongation steps

e. Spliceosome

26. Regarding the transcription unit architecture of the Escherichia coli genome, which one is FALSE?

a. Each of the 4,661 transcription units comprised an average of 1.1 modular units.

b. 3,010 transcription units (~65%) are monocistronic.

c. 1,652 transcription units (35%) contain more than one ORF (polycistronic)

d. The largest transcription unit is equivalent to 16 ORFs with numerous introns.

e. 398 transcription units (~9%) are nested within each other in opposite transcriptional orientation

27. Regarding RNA interference (RNAi), which one is FALSE?

a. It is a common and conserved mechanism in eukaryotic cells.

b. Originally discovered in bacteria and plant viruses.

c. A form of primitive immunity to protect the genome.

d. Pre microRNA (miRNA) genes have been found in introns.

e. Recent research shows that exogenous plant miRNAs in food can regulate the expression of target genes in mammals.

28. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

a. Recognize the 3âUTR

b. The genes for these enzymes fall into the family of inducible genes

c. The enzymes are imported into the nucleus

d. Covalently attaches an amino acid to the appropriate tRNA. This takes place in the cytoplasm.

e. Forms the peptide bond during protein synthesis

29. What is the process by which complementary RNAs are made from a DNA template?

a. translation

b. transcription

c. protein synthesis

d. transduction

e. transliteration

cyanbee225

If one is testing a goodness of fit to a 9:3:3:1 ratio, how many degrees of freedom would be associated with the Chi-square?

not enough information to determine

Which of the following choices does not describe a type of posttranslational modification of proteins?

The amino terminal methionine may be removed.

Glycoproteins are produced by the attachment of phosphates to newly synthesized proteins.

Precursor proteins are cleaved and trimmed by protease enzymes to produce a functional protein.

Molecular chaperones help proteins fold correctly.

Amino acids in the amino terminal of the protein can be acetylated.

A eukaryotic DNA sequence that affects transcription at distant promoters is called a(n)

long distance promotor

regulator

operon

enhancer

DNA methylation may be a significant mode of genetic regulation in eukaryotes. Meythylation refers to

altering RNA polymerase activity by adding methyl-groups

changes in DNA-DNA hydrogen bonding

altering translation activity via methylated tRNAs

adding methyl groups to certain cytosines in DNA

If a nucleotide lacks a 3â-OH group, what will happen?

itâs transformed into RNA

another nucleotide can bond at the 3â site during replication

replication will halt

no effect

Which of the following describe posttranscriptional modifications commonly seen in mRNA of eukaryotes?

5â capping, 3â-poly-A tail addition, splicing

3â capping, 5â poly-A tail addition, splicing

heteroduplex formation

5â capping, 3âpolyA tail addition, removal of exons

In birds, females are the heterogametic sex. This means that

females have chromosomes in pairs.

emales produce eggs.

females determine the gender of their offspring.

males have two identical sex chromosomes (ZZ)

An anticodon on a tRNA has the sequence 5'âGCAâ3'. What would be the effect on translation if the G in the anticodon were mutated to a U?

The anticodon could pair to the serine codon 5'âUCAâ3', and a cysteine would be incorporated at all points where a serine should have been incorporated.

The anticodon could pair to the threonine codon 5'âACUâ3', and a threonine would be incorporated at all points where a cysteine should have been incorporated.

The anticodon could pair to the serine codon 5'âAGUâ3', and a serine would be incorporated at all points where a cysteine should have been incorporated.

The anticodon could pair to the stop codon 5'âUGAâ3', and instead of stopping translation, a cysteine would be incorporated and translation could continue.

BIOL 205 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Transcription Bubble, Noncoding Dna, Stem-Loop

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