PSY202 Chapter 16: Psychological and Biological Treatments
Psychotherapy: A psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional,
behavioural and interpersonal problems and improve the qualities of their lives
• Women are more likely to seek therapy more than men
• Minorities tend to seek less therapy
Professionals Vs. Paraprofessionals
Paraprofessionals: Person with no professional training who provides mental health
services (Ex. Crisis center calls)
There’s no difference in the outcome from professionals or paraprofessionals
Professional helpers...
1. Understand how to operate effectively within the mental health system
2. Appreciate complex ethical, professional and personal issues
3. Can select treatments of demonstrated effectiveness
Psychodynamic Therapies ▯Less costly and briefer compared to psychoanalysis which
takes years/decades and very expensive
• Involves meeting only once or twice a week
• Lasts about a month or few weeks
Insight Therapies: Psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic and group
approaches with the goal of expanding awareness or insight
Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies: Freud’s Legacy
Goal = decrease guilt and frustration and make the unconscious conscious by bringing
awareness previously repressed impulses, conflicts and memories
6 Approaches...
1. Free Association: Technique in which clients express themselves without censorship
of any sort
• Lie on a comfortable couch
2. Interpretation: The explanations of the unconscious bases of a client’s dreams,
emotions and behaviours
• From the client’s free associations, analysts form hypotheses regarding the origin
of the client’s difficulties and share them with him/her as the therapeutic
relationship evolves
3. Dream Analysis: Dreams express unconscious themes that influence the client’s
conscious life
• Dream manifest content ▯Observable (Ex. Man flying in dream)
• Dream latent content ▯Hidden (Ex. means sexual arousal)
4. Resistance: Attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering
previously repressed thoughts, emotions and impulses
• Through previous sessions, clients see the unconscious side of themselves and
fear it so they stop coming to sessions or refuse to talk about a topic
5. Transference: Projecting intense, unrealistic feelings
6. Working Through: Final stage, therapist helps clients working through their problems
Development in Psychoanalysis: NeoFreudian Traditio • Interpersonal Therapy: (IPT) Treatment that strengthens social skills and targets
interpersonal problems, conflicts and life transitions
o1216 sessions
oDesigned to strengthen people’s social skills and assist them in coping with
interpersonal problems, conflicts (Ex. disputes with family), life transitions (Ex.
marriage, birth)
oGood for treating depression, substance abuse and eating disorders
Humanistic Therapies
Humanistic Therapies: Therapies that emphasize the development of human potential
and the belief that human nature is basically positive
• Aim to understand client’s inner worlds through empathy and focus on clients’
thoughts and feelings in the present moment
• Stress on assuming responsibility for decisions and not attributing our problems to
the past
PersonCentered Therapy: (AKA. Clientcentered Therapy) Therapy centering on the
client’s goals and ways of solving problems
• Carl Jung
• Nondirective ▯Therapists don’t define/diagnose clients’ problems or try to get at
the root cause of their difficulties
• Can use the therapy time however they want
• Therapist must satisfy 3 conditions...
o1. Therapist must be authentic, genuine person who reveals their own reactions
to what the client is communicating (Have back and forth conversation to the
client about their conversation topic)
o2. Therapist must express unconditional positive regard ▯Nonjudgmental
acceptance of all feelings the client expresses
o3. Therapist must relate to client with empathetic understanding
Can communicate empathy through reflection ▯Mirroring back the client’s
feelings
• This works because through increased awareness and heightened selfacceptance,
the clients is better able to think more REALISTICALLY
Gestalt Therapy: Therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing
aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
• Believes that people with psychological difficulties are “incomplete
gestalts”
• Key = Accepting responsibility for one’s feelings
• Twochair technique ▯Client moves from chair to chair, creating a
dialogue with 2 conflicting aspects of their personalities
Group Therapy: Therapy that treats more than one person at a time
• Efficient, timesaving and costeffective
• For people who are divorced, having marital problems, struggling with gender
identity, problems with eating disorders & alcohalism
• Can be at home, at professional offices, at hospitals • Alcoholics Anonymous: (AA) 12 Step, selfhelp program that provides social
support for achieving sobriety
oSelfHelp Groups ▯Composed of peers who share a similar problem & don’t
include a professional mental illness specialist
oThe 12 step approach has also been used for other addictions too
• Controlled Drinking and Relapse Prevention
oBehaviourals view drinking as a learned behaviour
oControlled Drinking ▯Drinking in moderation
oRelapse Prevention ▯RP treatment assume that people with drinking problems
will eventually lapse and resume drinking. So the treatment teaches people not
to be ashamed, guilty or discouraged when they lapse
oAbstinence Violation Effect ▯Negative feelings about a slip can lead to
continued drinking “Well, I guess I’m back to drinking again”
• Family Therapies ▯Focuses on interactions among the family members
oBelieves that psychological problems are rooted in a dysfunctional family
system
oStrategic Family Intervention: Family therapy approach designed to remove
barriers to effective communication
oFirst identify family’s unhealthy communication patterns then invite the family
to carry our planned tasks (Directives)
oParadoxical Requests ▯“reverse psychology” When the therapist command
their uncooperative clients to intentionally produce the thought, feeling or
behaviour that troubled them
oStructural Family Therapy: Treatment in which therapists deeply involve
themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and
organize interactions
Behavioural Approaches
Behavioural Therapists: Therapists who focus on specific problem behaviours and on
current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviours
• Behavioural Assessment Techniques ▯pinpoint environment causes of the
person’s problems, establish specific & measurable treatment goals
• Emphasis on present and not the past
• Systematic Desensitization: Patients are taught to relax as they are gradually
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