Chapter 5
Consciousness
What is it? • our subjective experience of the world and of our minds
• domain of the mind containing perception, emotions, memory that we are aware of
• different from the external world
• different levels: coma, sleeping, drowsy, day dreaming/zoning out, tentativeness, focus concentration, meditation
Properties • intentionality Ł something directive, you can direct your consciousness there or here
o how many things come into your mind, how much can you be aware off – limits of attention
• unity Ł when your conscious of one thing, you are only at that one thing
• selectivity Ł everything around you but there is only one performance you see
• transience Ł constantly changing, never aware of one thing for a long time – even though you are focusing, things will try to get into your attention view
Origins • cooperation Ł important because we need to help collect food and survive as a group, survive from enemies
o coordinate Ł plan and be successful in the long run
o communication Ł symbolic system like language to effectively express our emotions and needs
• internal monitor Ł thinking before you speak
Studying it • problem: other minds, everyone is different
• consciousness, blue is blue but is your blue different from mine
• solution: dismiss it, brain instead, ask people
o consciousness is misunderstand but if brain is perfect, then there shouldn’t be
o brain won’t be different because of structure and function
o asking people about their personal experiences
Unconsciousness
What is it? • Domain of mind that contains perception, sensation, thoughts, memories we are unaware of
Freud • the mind is conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
• preconscious Ł border line between knowing and never knowing – where the mind exists but you can’t access it
• unconscious Ł dos the most work, where you sit, where you eat, who you date – based on hate, passion and desire
Cognitive • perception Ł stuff about desire and repressed memories are gone
Unconscious
• memory Ł seems instantly but you need retrieval cues and there are many types of memories – you can misremember
• snap decision Ł deliberate thinking and decision making
• subliminal message Ł are they real, does not affect behavior – randomly in class and it tells you to eat marshmallows • priming message Ł real, engaging behavior that you’re already doing – you are really tired in class and it tells you to take a nap, you will sleep
o looking at random words but it all represented aging in a way or another, people walked out slower
Dualism
• mind and body are separated – soul and spirits are different
• how can physical create nonphysical – can’t get something from nothing
o physical causality and psychical causality
• Chinese room and Searle argument Ł you’re stuff in an isolated room but there is a slit at the doorway, once in a while a piece of paper with Chinese
writing is pass through
o you have a source book that you follow the character lines and write down another translation
o this room is your mind, you can act on things without knowing what they really mean, just a reference
• evidence = introspection Ł relying on your own subjective feelings
Epiphenomenon
• brain to mind = hand to shadow
o your brain can change your mind but you cannot change the mind to a brain
o shadows are manipulated by the hand but it can’t affect the hand
• brain damage Ł changes your consciousness but if you are blinded, you can still know where everything is spatially
• stimulating brain Ł consciousness change with or without it and also with different kinds of stimulus
• Benjamin Libet’s experiment: you can lift the finger whenever but remember the time of decision
o difference in time of deciding and actually doing it
o recorded muscle movement and brain stimulus
o EEG activity was activated before you were aware you made a decision – 3/10 seconds earlier but should have came after the decision
Drugs
What is it? • chemicals that modify mental, emotional, and behavioral functioning
• psychoactive drugs Ł chemicals that modify consciousness and effects mood and attitude
o 4 types: depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and opiates
Stimulants
• not behavioral effect but NS activity
• examples: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy
• physical effects: increased alertness and energy, insomnia, addictive • subjective effects: positive affect like euphoria, increased confidence, aggression, paranoia
Opiates • forms from plants and can induce a coma
• has flu symptoms like vomit, cramps, sweats, runny nose
• endogenous Ł natural neurotransmitter activity for energy to fight or flight
• example: opium, heroine, morphine, methadone, codeine
• physical effects: endogenous opiods, relieves pain, additive
• subjective effects: feelings of well being, relaxation, lethargy and stupor
Hallucinogens • intensive emotions, very heighten
• example: LSD, PCP, mescaline, psilocybin, ketamine
• physical effects: judgments, motor skills and coordination
• subjective effects: emotions from bliss to intense fear, alters sensation and perception
LSD • lysergic acid diethylamid Ł a disinhibitor and suppresses the activity of serotonin
• 25 micrograms will destroy you – need very little to have effect
• not addictive but lasts very long
o tested on animals – they don’t press on the lever frequently
o addiction is based on the fact that the mouse will continuously pull the lever
Depressants
• example: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, glue, gasoline
• physical effects: slow reactions, inhibits things in the NS, poor judgment, additive
• subjective effects: reduces anxiety, positive effect, euphoria, induces sleep
Marijuana • receptors = anadamide which is located all over your body, reason why it varies in effect
• physical effects: impaired motor controls, coordination, poor judgment, STM
• subjective effects: positive effect, euphoria, heightened senses, hunger, laughter, introspective, sleepy
Hypnosis
What is it? • set of techniques given to people that provide suggestions for alterations in their perception, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
• you become highly subjective and easily lured into
Statistics on • 510 % of individuals are easily hypnotized – they want to please people, they zone out a lot, very imaginative
People being
Hypnotized
• 15% of individuals can be hypnotized but easily awakened, not as easy as the first set
• the rest of us are easily woken up and on our own will
Theories of • sociocognitive theory Ł acting out what you’re supposed to do – role play and willinglyness
Hypnosis • dissociation theory Ł mind has no idea what to do, you don’t know what’s real under hypnosis and what’s an image
Types of • ideomotor Ł do something and an action will happen – voluntary feelings
Suggestions
• challenge Ł when you snap a finger or do a signal, the person can’t carry out an action
• cognitive Ł thinking will change things, a needle won’t hurt
Misunderstanding • hypnotized people can be amazingly stiff but normal people can do the same
versus Truth
• hypnotized people can recall suppressed memories but suggestions of these memories could be incorrect – you become confidence in incorrect memories
• hypnotized people can stop the pain, analgesia
Limits
• case study: subjects are told a ruler is a gun/knife and told to kill another person, they did
o they are told that it’s a ruler so it won’t be real
o they won’t kill a person with a real knife
Rowland
• experiment 1: grabbing an angry rattlesnake
Experiment
• experiment 2: reaching into a sulfuric acid jar
• experiment 3: throwing sulfuric acid in experimenter’s face
• result: people hypnotized or not still did the dangerous thing – they th
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