BIOL 1080 Chapter Notes - Chapter The Cardiovascular & Lymphatic System: Bone Marrow, Coronary Artery Disease, Femoral Artery
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Week 7 Lecture 13 & 14 Readings: 3b(i)
The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System:
Functions of the Blood: pg. 202
• clotting mechanism help protect us from excessive blood loss
• buffers in the blood help regulate the acid-base balance of body fluids
• regulate body temperature by absorbing heat produced in metabolically active regions and
distributing it to cooler regions
• 3 types of functions of blood: transportation, protection, and regulation
Composition of Blood: pg. 202
• blood is classified as a connective tissue because it contains cellular elements suspended in a matrix
Plasma: pg. 202
• Plasma: a straw-coloured liquid that makes up about 55% of blood – materials (nutrients, ions,
dissolved gases, and hormones) transported in blood are dissolved in plasma
• Plasma Proteins: most solutes in the blood, making up about 7% - 8% of the plasma – they help
balance water flow between the blood and the cells
o 3 types:
▪ Albumins: make up more than half of the plasma proteins and are most important in the
lood’s ate-balancing ability
▪ Globulins: transport lipids, including fats and some cholesterol, as well as fat-soluble vitamins
▪ Clotting proteins
Formed Elements: pg. 203
• Formed elements: another substance transported by the plasma; made up of platelets, WBCs, and
RBCs
• Red bone marrow: a porous connective tissue that fills the cavities within many bones
• Stem cells: undifferentiated cells, produced in the red bone marrow, that divide and give rise to all
the formed elements
Platelets: pg. 203
• Platelets / Thrombocytes: essential to blood clotting; fragments of larger cells fromed in the red
bone marrow
WBCs and Defense against Disease: pg. 204
• WBCs / Leukocytes: perform certain housekeeping duties (removing wastes, toxins, and damaged
or abnormal cells), and fight off disease – make up <1% of whole blood, produced in red bone
marrow
• Phagotosis: the poess of egulfig a offede a ell
• 2 types of WBC: granulocytes and agranulocytes
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• Granulocytes: one of two types of WBCs – contain granules in their cytoplasm which are sacs
containing pathogen-destroying chemicals
o Neutrophils: most abundant of all WBCs, arrive at infection site first and start engulfing microbes
by phagocytosis
o Eosiophils: otai sustaes ipotat fo the od’s defese against parasitic worms, and
lessen the severity of allergies by engulfing antibody-antigen complexes and inactivating
inflammatory chemicals
o Basophils: release histamine, play a role in minor allergic reactions
• Histamine: a chemical that attracts other WBCs and causes vasodilation
• Agranulocytes: one of two types of WBCs – lack cytoplasmic granules
o Monocytes: the largest of all formed elements, leave the bloodstream and enter into tissues where
the eventually develop into macrophages
▪ Macrophages: phagocytic cells that engulf invading microbes, dead cells, and cellular debris
o Lymphocytes:
▪ B Lymphocytes: give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
▪ T Lymphocytes: various roles in defense mechanisms
RBCs and Transport of Oxygen: pg. 206
• RBC = erythrocyte
• Hemoglobin: the oxygen-binding pigment that is responsible for RBCs red colour
• Oxyhemoglobin: the compound formed when hemoglobin binds with oxygen
• after the RBC is packed with hemoglobin (during its creation), the nucleus and most organelles are
pushed out, resulting in the biconcave shape
• old RBCs ae taspoted to the lie ad splee to die
• Bilirubin: a yellow pigment that degrades the remaining part of the heme – it is excreted by the lier
bile
• RBC production is regulated by a negative feedback system – usually in a homeostatic balance of
creation and destruction
• Erythropoietin: a hormone produced by the kidney that travels to the red bone marrow where it
increases the rate of division and maturation of immature RBCs in the event of blood loss –
eventually inhibited by the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Type of Formed
Element:
Cell Functions:
Description:
Platelets
- role in blood clotting
- fragments of a
megakaryocyte; small,
purple-stained
granules in cytoplasm
WBCs
Neutrophils
(Granulocyte)
- consume bacteria by
phagocytosis
- multilobed nucleus,
clear-staining
cytoplasm,
inconspicuous granules
Eosinophils
(Granulocyte)
- consume antibody-antigen
complex by phagocytosis; attack
parasitic worms
- large, pink-staining
granules in cytoplasm,
bilobed nucleus
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Basophils
(Granulocyte)
- release histamine, which attracts
WBCs to the site of inflammation
and widens blood vessels
- large, purple-staining
cytoplasmic granules;
bilobed nucleus
Monocytes
(Agranulocyte)
- give rise to macrophages, which
consume bacteria, dead cells,
and cell parts by phagocytosis
- gray-blue cytoplasm
with no granules; U-
shaped nucleus
Lymphocytes
(Agranulocyte)
- attack damaged or diseased cells,
or disease-causing organisms;
produce antibodies
- round nucleus that
almost fills the cell
RBCs
Erythrocytes / RBCs
- transport oxygen and carbon
dioxide
- biconcave disk, no
nucleus
Blood Cell Disorders: pg. 208
RBC Disorders: pg. 208
• Aeia: a oditio i hih the lood’s ailit to a oge is edued – can result from too
little hemoglobin, too few RBCs, or both – symptoms include fatigue, headaches, dizziness, paleness,
and breathlessness
• Iron-deficiency anemia: cause by a diet that contains too little iron, by an inability to absorb iron
from the digestive system, or from blood loss (often linked to menstrual flow)
• Sickle-cell anemia: a hemolytic anemia caused by abnormal hemoglobins which causes the RBCs to
eoe defoed to a eset shape he the lood’s oge otet is lo
• Pernicious anemia: the decrease in RBC numbers when the production of RBCs is halted or impaired
o RBC production depends on vitamin B12
WBC Disorders: pg. 210
• Ifetious oouleosis oo: a ial disease of the lphotes aused the Epstei-Barr
virus – infection causes an increase in lymphocytes to have an atypical appearance – symptoms
include fever, chills, headache, sore throat, and an overwhelming sense of being ill
• Leukemia: a cancer of the WBCs – cells remain immature and are therefore unable to defend the
body against infectious organisms – diide oe apidl ad theefoe take oe the oe ao
Blood Types: pg. 210
• Blood types: classified depending on the presence or absence of certain molecules, mostly proteins,
o the sufae of a peso’s RBCs
ABO Blood Types: pg. 211
• Type A: RBC contains A antigen on its surface, and B antibodies
• Type B: RBC contains B antigen on its surface, and A antibodies
• Type AB: RBC contains A and B antigens on its surface, and no antibodies
• Type O: RBC contains neither A or B antigens on its surface, and both A and B antibodies
• when mixing two blood types, clumping will occur, indicating that both the antigen and antibody are
present
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