EDRD 3160 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1-2: International Communication, American Civil War, Johannes Gutenberg
23 Jan 2017
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• The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO or
NWIO): term that was coined in a debate over media representations of
the developing world in UNESCO in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Chapter 1 Global Communication
• USA is the worlds only superpower
• The widespread terrorist phenomenon has again seen a modest editorial
shift to greater coverage of international
International News
• We are experiencing an expanding global economy where evens in forging
land impact us on the daily
• But international new coverage is declining
• Nordic countries have more internationally focused press and give the
highest amount of foreign press
• The golden age of international new coverage 4’s-’s
• During this era was the introduction of satellite broadcasting
→The 3 main reasons for the decline are:
1.) End of the cold war editors lost their good guy vs. bad guy frame
2.) The decline of newspaper (part of alternative internet based info)
3.) Global economic crisis of the last decade (forced all for profit media outlets to
lose enthusiasm for foreign stories)
▪ International news down from 30%-14%
▪ Editors see foreign news as expensive in an era of cutbacks
• The news map currently is both one-sided and scandalously negligent in its
management of the global village
• Part of the larger problem is turmoil and uncertainty created by the online
phenomena & opportunity for others to provide information, formally or
informally
• Terrorism and its followers have put international news back in prime time
▪ Scandals, war crimes, public safety – lead to new global agenda and
media focus
• International communication: refers to the cultural, economic, political,
social, and technical analysis of communication and media patterns and
effects across and between nation states
▪ Focuses more on global aspects of media and communication systems
and technologies and as a result less on local or even national
aspects/issues
• Increasing global independence more than economic; it also has cultural
dimensions.. .This cultural dimension has 3 important traits:
1.) How much foreign content is contained, absorbed or assimilated...?
2.) How is this foreign content being transmitted
3.) How are domestic or indigenous cultures being impacted by foreign content
• Global communication: highlights an international /global approach to the
broad range of components that collectively make up the discipline of
international communication
Latin American Media
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• Continue to be controlled by dictators given this enviro → radio, TV
industries in these nations are either gov’t owned and gov’t
controlled/heavily regulated
• Printing press frequently allied with religious and political elites
• There is little investigative journalism as it is not favored by state owned or
commercial and investigative (reporters end up dead)
• Underdeveloped but developing – many gov’ts moved to a more open and
democratic was of attempting to improve overall social and economic
conditions
• Growing increases in literacy, access to internet and cheaper satellite dished
moved the debate over media role in society (as it has had more positive
effects w/ Latin America)
→Market defined by 2 significant phenomena’s:
1.) Successful Telenova that could be exported
2.) Domination of Spanish language
• Newspapers are still substantially growing market
Left wing connection: Latin America
• Attacked the violence of Hollywood feature films or the wasteland of
television shows (e.g. simpsons)
• Mcdonaldization of all societies
Chile-US governments Media interactions
• US press corps have little background knowledge, local info or sources,
cultural awareness or even native language skills in preparation for breaking
foreign stories
• Us gov’t sought to assist in the overthrow of Chile’s democratically elected
leftist gov’t
• American embassies set up media interviews and assisted journalists w/
logistics and acquisition of compatible equipment and other necessities for
gathering pro- US news in foreign venues
History of the War Correspondents
• Crimean war was the first to be covered by a foreign correspondent, it was
possible for reported to send daily dispatchers (Telegraph by Charles
Wheatstone 1838)
• William Harold Russell was the 1st foreign war correspondent for the London
based Times (founded 1785)
• 3 interesting facts emerged from his coverage:
1. Florence nightingale complained to British press about how poorly British
was causalities were being treated (Times coverage led to dismissal of
cabinet minister responsible for the conduct of the war)
2. Queen victoria called for a Royal Commission on Heath and War
3. Impact of the Times was so important and explosive the number of
journalists assigned to cover US civil war skyrocketed (circulation doubled)
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• Massive circulation also fueled the demand for greater literacy so more ppl
could read war coverage in news
New world info and Communication Order (NWICO)
• This dominated the international communication agenda it represents:
1. An evolutionary process seeking a more just and equitable balance in flow
and content of info
2. Right to national self-determination of domestic communication policies and
3. At international level, a 2 way info flow reflecting more accurately the
aspirations and activities of less developed countries LDC’s
• World Summit on the information society
• NWICO ultimate goal was a restructured system of media and
telecommunication priorities in order for LDC’s to obtain greater influence
over their media, information, economic, cultural, and political system
• NWICO was promoted as a way to remove the patterns of colonial control
• Parachute journalist: large numbers of foreign correspondents, assorted
paparazzi etc. descend by the planeload on international scenes of conflict or
natural disaster, tend to trivialize or sensationalize events that are far more
complex than a 30 second clip can capture
• There is a lack of public concern – trend towards gossipy, trendy journalism
reducing incentive for editors to provide in depth continuous coverage
• Policies of media are increasingly governed by marketing experts who make
news decisions to reflect focus groups
• System is geared as much to amuse and divert as it is to inform...
Electronic Colonialism Theory
• Reflects much of the current global concerns with reference to culture, and is
a good theoretical concept with which to begin, it provides theoretical frame
for examining the stakeholder and transnational issues
Global colonialism
• Printing press by Johannes Gutenberg produced 200 copies of the bible,
ushering a new era of communication
• Electronic colonialism: represents the dependent relationship of poorer
regions on the post-industrial nations which is caused and established by the
importation of communication hardware and foreign produced software,
along with engineers etc. and related info protocols.
• Concern is favoring English language will cause displacement, rejection,
alteration, or forgetting of native customs
• Poorer regions fear electronic colonialism as much as mercantile colonialism
• Electronic c. seeks to influence and control the mind
What is electronic colonialism theory?
• Electronic colonialism theory: looks at how to capture the mind and the
consumer habits of other, focusing on how global media, including
advertising, influence how ppl, look, think & act.
• The aim→ is to account for how mass media influence the mind
• Culture is basically an attitude; it is also learned
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