PersonEnvironment Interactions
And Optimal Aging 11/26/2012
Describing PersonEnvironment Interactions
Theories of personenvironment interactions help us to understand how people view their environments and
how these views may change as people age
Four have affected views of adult development and aging:
Competence and environmental press
Congruence
Stress and coping
Loss continuum concept
All these theories stem from Kurt Lewin conceptualization of personenvironment interactions in B=f(P, E)
Personenvironment interactions: behaviour (B) is a function of both the person (P) and the environment (E)
Competence and Environmental Press
Competence: the theoretical upper limit of a person’s capacity to function
Involves biological health, sensoryperceptual functioning, motor skills, cognitive skills, and ego strength
Lifelong abilities, underlie all other domains
Environmental press: environments can be classified on the basis of the varying demands they place on the
person (this notion is environmental press)
Can include any combination of physical, interpersonal, or social demands
Competence and environmental press model has been basis for interventions in people with severe
cognitive impairments (like Alzheimer’s)
The Congruence Model
Best way to consider how people and environments interact is to look for the best fit for a particular person
in a particular environment
Applied congruence and environmental press differently
According to the congruence model, people with particular needs search for the environments that meet
them best Congruence especially important when personal or environmental options are limited
Limitations can occur if environmental characteristics are restricted, a person’s freedom is limited, and
when one believes they have limited freedom
Useful in institutional settings
Stress and Coping Framework
People evaluate situations to assess their potential threat value
Situations can be evaluated as harmful, beneficial, or irrelevant
If evaluated to be harmful, people establish range of coping responses that they have at their disposal for
avoiding harmful situations
Results in a coping response
Outcomes of coping may be positive or negative
Helpful in understanding older adults because of their greater vulnerability to social and physical hazards
Deals with relation between everyday environmental stressors and adaptive response of community
dwelling individuals
Unclear how threat appraisal process caries with age across different environmental contexts
The Loss Continuum Concept
Age as a progressive series of losses that reduce one’s social participation
Loss continuum: includes children leaving, loss of social roles, loss of income, death of spouse or close
friends and relatives, loss of sensory activity, and loss of mobility caused by poor health
Older adults especially sensitive to smaller environmental changes
Common Theoretical Themes and Everyday Competence
No one environment meets everyone’s needs; a range of potential environments may be optional
Everyday competence: a person’s potential ability to perform a wide range of activities considered essential
for independent living
Also involves psychological, physical, and social functioning
Everyday competence most often considered in context of activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental
activities of daily living (IADLs) Understanding everyday competence as basis for considering whether older adults are capable of making
certain decisions for themselves
Living in LongTerm Care Facilities
Longterm care settings are very different environments
Types of LongTerm Care Facilities
Assisted living facilities: provide a supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with
personal care (such as bathing or taking medicine_ but who are not so impaired physically or cognitively
that they need 24hour care
Smaller than nursing homes
Meals, housekeeping, laundry, help with some ADLs
Lower cost
Nursing homes provide moderate – high levels of care, receive some subsidies from government
Retirements homes – lowest level of care; minimal amount of personal or health care
Adult foster care: or adult family homes are another alternative to nursing homes for adults who do not need
24hour care
Usually very small (56 clients on average)
House people who need assistance with daily needs b/c of disabilities or chronic disorders but are
otherwise in fairly good health
Who is Likely to Live in LongTerm Care?
Nearly 80% of residents have mobility problems
More than 1/3 have mobility, eating, and incontinence problems
Men and minorities unrepresented
Costly, must be able to afford it
Characteristics of LongTerm Care Facilities Physical characteristics – size, stafftoresident ratio, numbers and types of activities, certification
requirements
Regulated by government agencies
Effects of these dimensions on residents psychosocial wellbeing
Congruence Approach
Personal wellbeing product of the characteristics of the facility, the person, as well as the congruence
between the person’s needs and the ability of the facility to meet them
Moos’s Approach
Facilities can be evaluated in physical, organizational, supportive, and social climate terms
Each of these areas has an affect on resident’s wellbeing
Scales have been developed to asses facilities on these dimensions
Enables us to measure and examine separate dimensions of the personenvironment interaction
independently
Determines strengths and weaknesses so that appropriate programs can be devised
SocialPsychological Perspectives
Important factor in residents’ wellbeing is the degree to which they perceive that they are in control of their
lives
Making residents feel competent and in control key factors in promoting positive personenvironment
interactions in nursing homes
Routine is also detrimental to wellbeing
If environment is too predictable there is little for people to think about and they become “mindless”
Findings by Langer
Can a LongTerm Care Facility Be a Home?
Institutions full of barriers to feeling like home
Residents can move past this
Nature of parentchild bond influences adaptation to institutionalization for daughters and frail mothers If depression undetected and untreated, deprived of possibility of positive adjustments to longterm care
Communicating with Residents
Communication style most people adopt – younger adults overaccommodate their speech based on
stereotyped expectations of dependence and incompetence
A general “communication predicament” of older adults
Patronizing speech: inappropriate speech to older adults that is based on stereotypes of incompetence and
dependence
Slower speech, exaggerated intonation, higher pitch, increased volume, repetitions, tag and closeended
questions, simplification of vocabulary and grammar
“secondary baby talk”
infantilization: also called secondary baby talk, involves unwarranted use of a person’s first name, terms of
endearment, simplified expressions, short imperatives, an assumption that the recipient has no memory,
and cajoling as a way to demand compliance
viewed extremely negatively by some older adults
how should people talk to older adults?
Communication enhancement model
Based on a health promotion model
Communication with older adults must be based on recognizing individual cues, modifying communication
to suit individual needs and situations, appropriately assessing health and social problems, and
empowering older adults and health care providers
DecisionMaking Capacity and Individual Choices
How can we make sure residents understand what they are being asked to decide, especially when a
majority have cognitive impairment?
Several researchers have tackled problem of how to assess decisionmaking capacity
One approach emphasizes maintaining autonomy and informed consent
Careful assessment of resident necessary in any approach
Optimal Aging The use of computers is one way to enhance competence of older adults
A Framework for Maintaining and Enhancing Competence
In lifespan perspective, changes that occur with age results from multiple biological, psychological,
sociocultural, and lifecycle forces
Applying 3 adaptive mechanisms for aging: selection, optimization, and compensation
Framework helps address the social facilitation of the nonuse of competence: the phenomenon of older
people intentionally or unintentionally failing to perform up to their true level of ability because of the
operation of social stereotypes that limit what older adults are expected to do
Instead of behaving at true ability level, they behave in was the believe typical of their age group
Model based on lifespan approach shows how core assumptions about aging influence the basic premises
of successful aging, which in turn creates antecedents, mechanisms, and outcomes
Core assumptions recognize aging is a complex process
Basic premises of successful aging include keeping a balance between various gains and losses that occur
over time and keeping the influence of nonaging factors to a minimum
Pay attention to internal and external factors on the person
Using the model various interventions can be created to help people age successfully
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Key strategies to promote successful aging are:
Sound health habits, good habits of thought including and optimistic outlook and interest in things, a social
network, and sound economic habits
Government allocates health care dollars to provinces to help support programs aimed at improving health
of older adults
Health promotion and disease prevention programs could reduce cost of treating diseases through earlier
diagnosis and better prevention education
Issues in Prevention
Prevention efforts can be implemented in many ways (vaccines, programs that transport people to
supermarkets, etc.)
Traditionally 3 types of prevention discussed:
Primary prevention: any intervention that prevents a disease of condition from occurring
Secondary prevention: instituted early after a condition has begun (but may not yet have been diagnosed)
and before significant impairments have occurred Tertiary prevention: involves efforts to avoid the development of complications or secondary chronic
conditions, manage the pain associated with primary chronic conditions, and sustain life through medical
intervention
Notion of quaternary prevention has been developed to address functional issues
Quaternary prevention: efforts specifically aimed at improving the functional capacities of people who have
chronic conditions
Lifestyle Factors
Staying Fit
Regular moderate exercise van prevent, delay the onset of, or ease several diseases and chronic
conditions
Fitness programs among the most difficult to implement in older adults
One of most popular and successful exercise programs is walking
Psychological outcomes also associated with exercise
Improves selfefficacy of older adults
Enhances independence and mood, relieves mild depression
Eating Right
Older adults need fewer calories because of slowing BMR
At higher risk for dehydration, should drink more
Older adults also need more protein
Some cannot afford proper foods, others cannot get to the grocery store, others cannot prepare meals
BMI over 25 is unhealthy Memory 11/26/2012
Encoding is the process of getting information into the memory system
Storage is the manner in which information is represented and kept in memory
Retrieval is getting information back out of memory
Information Processing Revisited
Information processing model is based on a computer metaphor, different aspects of the model have
different jobs to perform
Working Memory
Shortterm memory/storage memory – people have a limited capacity for storing information
Shortterm memory task measures the longest span of digits a person can recall immediately after
presentation
Little or no age difference in these measures
Depending on the stimuli presented older adults perform more poorly on simple memory span tasks than
young adults
Memory decrement can be accounted for by variables associated with active information processing
Wor
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