LING 2400 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Egressive Sound, Voiceless Uvular Fricative, Alveolo-Palatal Consonant
29 Jun 2018
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PHONETICS CH7: CONSONANTAL GESTURES
-Appropriate way to describe consonantal gestates in the languages of the world is in terms
of their aspects; the targets of the gestural movements ( place of articulation) and the way in
which the target is approached ( manner of articulation)
ARTICULATORY TARGET
-(1) The bilabial gesture: has bilabial stops and nasals
[p,b,m]. Bilabial fricatives are simply allophones of the
labiodental sounds [f,v]
-Bilabial fricatives contrast with labiodental fricatives,
voiceless and voiced bilabial fricative are [ɸ,β]
-Linguo -labials, in which the tongue touches the upper lip
symbol under the r
-(2) Labiodental fricatives [f,v], no language has labiodental
stops or nasal
-Labiodental nasal, [ɱ] occurs when /m/ occurs before /f/
in words (emphasis)
-(3) Dental fricatives [θ,ð], but no dental stops, nasals, or
laterals except allophonic ally before [θ,ð] in eight, wealth.
-(4) Alveolar stops, nasals and fricatives in many languages
-(5) Retroflex stops, nasals and fricatives do not occur in most forms of English exception is
English in india
-Curling the tip of the tongue up and back so that the underside touches or approaches the
back part of the alveolar ridge. Retroflex sounds include [ʈ,ɖ,ɳ]
-Retroflex a gesture involving the underside of the tip of the tongue and a target
-Sindhi and Hindi contrast several types of retroflex stops
-Blade of the tongue is usually a considerable distance from the roof of the mouth (retroflex
fricative [ʂ], which sounds like [ʃ] although the articulatory position is different
-Tongue tip moves during the retroflex stops, sliding forward from post-alveolar toward a
more alveolar place of articulation during the retroflex stop, vowel has more r-colouring than
the following vowel
-(6) Palato-alveolar gestures for [ʃ,ʒ] “post-alveolar” target on the upper surface of the
mouth, same as for a retroflex sound at the margin between the alveolar ridge and the front
of the palate.
-In this gesture, the front of the tongue is slightly domed, as opposed to being hollowed.
-Distinguishing between retroflex and palate-alveolar sound
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-Tip of the tongue apical
-Blade called laminal
-Dental sounds may be made with the tip of the tongue or with the blade
-Apical dental stops that occur in Hindi and the laminal dental stops that occur in French
-Alveolo-Palatal , [c,z] used for voiceless and voiced fricatives. Similar to [ʃ,ʒ] rating of the
front of the tongue
-Three kinds of post-alveolar sounds; alveolo-palatal, retroflex, and palato-alveolar
-(7) Palatal sounds can be defined as being made with the front of the tongue approaching
or touching the hard palate, for many speakers with the tip of the tongue down behind the
lower front teeth
-Only true palatal in English /j/ usually an approximant but may be allophonicaly a voiceless
fricative (hue) Voiceless palatal fricative is [ç]
-Voiceless palatal fricative ich [Iç]
-[ʝ] curly-tailed j, used for a voiced palate fricative
-Palatal nasals occur in several languages; ex: señor [seŋor]
-(8) Velar stops and nasals [k,g,ŋ] occur in English. No longer have velar fricatives. Start with
[ak] build up pressure behind the velar closure and then lower the tongue slightly. Results
from voiceless velar fricative which we write as [x], voices sound is [ɣ]
-Ex. bach [bax]
-Part of the tongue involved in making velar sounds the back of the tongue (dorsum) -dorsal
sounds
-(9) Uvular sounds are made by raising the back of the tongue toward the uvular (dorsal).
They don't occur at all in most forms of English
-French a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] rouge [ʁuʒ]
-Uvular stops, written [q,G,] and nasals, written [N], occur as idiosyncratic pronunciation in
English
-Learning to produce uvula stop by starting from a voiceless velar fricative [X], slide your
tongue slightly farther back in mouth close to the uvular. Results is voiceless uvular fricative
-(10) &(11) the gestures for pharyngeal and epiglottal sounds involve pulling the root of the
tongue or the epiglottis back toward the back wall of the pharynx
-Almost impossible to make a pharyngeal or epiglottal nasal cause of closure deep in the
vocal tract would prevent the airstream from coming through the nose. Pharyngeal fricatives
symbol [ħ,ʕ] Arabic and Hebrew
-Many speakers there is little or no actual frication so that approximants rather than fricatives
are produces. Voiced fricative have great deal of laryngealization (creaky voice), constriction
in the pharynx also causes a constriction in the larynx
Document Summary
(1) the bilabial gesture: has bilabial stops and nasals. Bilabial fricatives are simply allophones of the labiodental sounds [f,v] Bilabial fricatives contrast with labiodental fricatives, voiceless and voiced bilabial fricative are [ , ] Linguo -labials, in which the tongue touches the upper lip symbol under the r. (2) labiodental fricatives [f,v], no language has labiodental stops or nasal. Labiodental nasal, [ ] occurs when /m/ occurs before /f/ in words (emphasis) (3) dental fricatives [ , ], but no dental stops, nasals, or laterals except allophonic ally before [ , ] in eight, wealth. (4) alveolar stops, nasals and fricatives in many languages. (5) retro ex stops, nasals and fricatives do not occur in most forms of english exception is. Curling the tip of the tongue up and back so that the underside touches or approaches the back part of the alveolar ridge. Retroflex a gesture involving the underside of the tip of the tongue and a target.
