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NUTR 2050 Chapter Notes - Chapter 15: Nori, Nutrition Education

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orangecamel139
8 Sep 2015
School
University of Guelph
Department
Nutrition
Course
NUTR 2050
Professor
Simone Holligan

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Document Summary

Years ago the tactic to get teenagers to eat healthy was eating the foods they don"t like. The concern teenagers have now with healthy eating is the immediate effects such as unhealthy eating leading to weight gain and loss of energy. But rather, they should be concerned about the long-term negative effects of unhealthy eating but focusing on short term effects with them increases the likelihood of positive change. Parents are the gateway of food for teens when they eat at home, that is availability of healthy foods is associated with higher intake of healthy food and lower bmi. Also, teens should be more involved in food choices and parents should refrain from making special foods that teens like opposed to what is served. Eating fruits and vegetables at dinner in teen years increases likelihood they will choose to eat them at dinner time 5 years later in young adulthood.

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Related Questions

1. How does prenatal body weight influence theamount of weight a woman should gain during pregnancy?

2. At what week of gestation does the embryonicperiod begin? When does the fetal period begin? When is the mostlikely time a teratogen can do the most damage, during theembryonic or fetal period?

3. What risks are there to a baby if the mothergains too little weight during the pregnancy? What risks are thereto a baby if the mother gains too much weight during thepregnancy?

4. What is the relationship between mercury,fish and pregnancy?

5. What are some of the common gastrointestinaldistresses pregnant women experience? What remedies are availableto manage them?

6. What is fetal alcohol syndrome? How can itbe prevented? When can it be most accurately diagnosed?

7. How does the MyPlate food guidance systemsupport a healthy pregnancy?

8. Why is a prenatal dietary supplementrecommended throughout pregnancy?

9. What benefits are there to exercising duringpregnancy? How should exercise be modified during eachtrimester?

10. What is one of the best ways to trackgrowth in children? What are you looking for when you trackgrowth?

11. What benefits to the infant are provided bybreastfeeding?

12. What benefits to the mother are provided bybreastfeeding?

13. What nutrients are vital for supportingdental health in infants and children?

14. Although breast milk has advantages overformula, breastfeeding not recommend if the nursing mother haswhich conditions?

15. At what age is it safe to switch fromformula or breast milk to cow’s milk?

16. Which solid foods should be introducedfirst and at what age and why: cereals, vegetables, andfruits?

17. Do infants have the same AMDRs as adults?If not, how are they different? Is the grams/kg body weight forprotein higher or lower for an infant compared to a teenager oradult?

18. Does eating sugary foods lead tohyperactivity in children? If not, what does?

19. What is the division of responsibilitybetween caregivers and children for feeding?

20. How would you outline a healthy dailyschedule and meal/snack pattern to follow for a preschooler and aschool-aged child?

21. Can the MyPlate tool support childhoodnutrition? How? What other tools can be used?

22. What are the consequences of obesity inchildhood? How can childhood obesity be prevented?

23. How can food allergies be prevented andmanaged in childhood?

24. The rapid weight gains that girlsexperience during adolescence begin at what ages? Forboys?

25. Are the AMDR guidelines for adults the sameas for teenagers? What are these guidelines? (Percent calories fromfat? Carbohydrate? Protein?)

26. Why are calcium and iron the most importantminerals for teenagers? Does gender make a difference?

27. If teens are overweight and it isunrealistic to believe they will grow into their current weight?What rate of weight loss is recommended in terms of pound(s) perweek?

28. Describe the typical diets of teens thatsmoke?

29. What is the nutritional consequence alcoholfor teens?

30. Adolescences should be physically activefor how many minutes/day?

31. How does body composition change over theyears? Is there anything one can do to affect this change?

32. Does Basal metabolic rate increase ordecrease with age? Why? Will the elderly need more or fewercalories per kilo body weight than those who are middleaged?

33. Do the elderly need more or less fluid percalorie intake than younger adults? Why?

34. If an elderly person has osteoporosis, canhe or she do anything to improve this condition?

35. How can a poverty-stricken older adult beassured of eating healthy meals on a regular basis?

36. Why is exercise important for theelderly?

37. How many calories are there in a gram ofalcohol? Why does consuming 2 alcoholic drinks in a man has thesame physiological affect as one drink for a woman?

38. What practices will decrease the rate ofalcohol absorption into the blood?

39. Define moderate alcohol intake in terms ofdrinks per day for men and women and say how it relates to HDLcholesterol.

Based on “Morgan: A case of Diabetes” by Lisa Rubin and Clyde Freeman Herreid (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)

The Patient:

Morgan Water is a 27-year old Native American that lives on a reservation in Oklahoma. Nearly ¼ of Morgan’s tribe has diabetes but she has no direct family history of diabetes, heart disease, or other serious conditions. She is however obese (BMI = 32) and leads a sedentary lifestyle. Morgan has been suffering from an increasing persistence of symptoms including unusual thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, and numbness in her right foot. The symptoms have been developing over several months but as she is planning her wedding she attributed them to nerves. She is finally persuaded to see her family doctor. Her non-fasting blood glucose level was elevated so the doctor has her return the next morning for a fasting blood sample so they could more accurately measure her blood glucose and insulin. Her blood results are below:

Test

Morgan’s values

Normal range

Pre-Diabetic range

Diabetic range

Plasma glucose, mg/dl

260

70 -139

140 - 199

≥ 200

Fasting glucose, mg/dl

140

≤ 99

100 - 125

≥ 126

A1C, %

7.6

~ 5

5.7 – 6.4

≥ 6.5

Fasting Insulin, mIU/ml

34

2 - 10

10 - 20

≥ 20

The recommendation of Morgan’s doctor was to improve her exercise, good nutrition, and weight loss. He recommends meeting with a nutritionist to assist Morgan in her weight loss goals. When Morgan got home and told her family the diagnosis they however had LOTS of suggestions on how she can lose weight. Below is a description of the advice given to her by three family members.

Best friend Savannah:

“You know how I’ve been losing weight? Well, I’ve been on the Atkins’ Diet. I heard about it on TV. It’s great! You get to eat steak, chicken wings, and all the good stuff. All you have to do is limit carbohydrate intake. You should definitely give it a try. This diet has been around for years and it has worked for lots of people, including me.”

*Note: Atkin’s Diet recommends: 10% carbohydrates, 55% fats, 35% protein

Brother Alan:

“I think the best thing for you to do is exercise and stop eating all of that pizza and candy and food filled with fat. Our people never used to eat that junk. I say eat meals that are nutritionally balanced and high in fiber and low in refined sugars and saturated fats. And run a lot. Stop sitting around the house.”

Grandfather:

“Morgan, it is true that it is best to live in harmony and balance – to eat a nutritionally balanced diet that includes carbohydrates, proteins, and ‘good’ fats to meet your body’s needs. That is good. But look to your heritage. Our people were never overweight before we started eating ‘civilized’ food. Look to our native diet. I think you should look to traditional herbal remedies for help. What Alan says is true. Exercise is good. But it is sometimes not enough. Our people have always looked to natural medicine for cures. They will lift your spirits and energize you. Then you will lose weight and you will be healthy again. I hear the herbs from the diet shop are safe and good. But you must take them like the medicine label says. It can’t hurt to try them.”

*Note: these herbal supplements Morgan’s grandfather is recommending contain the herb

ephedra (ephedrine).

Question 5:

Given Morgan’s metabolic state, what is the primary fuel source for her cells currently?

A. Carbohydrates (glucose)

B. Fats

C. Proteins

D. It is a balance of all three

Question 6:

Metabolic ketoacidosis is a common problem with diabetics, which is caused by which of the following?

A. Excessive oxidation of fatty acids, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.

B. Excessive oxidation of glucose, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.

C. Excessive oxidation of proteins, leading to an accumulation of ammonia in the blood.

D. Hyperglycemia.

Question 7:

Which weight loss suggestion is designed to achieve some level of ketosis?

A. Atkins Diet

B. Exercise

C. High fiber diet

D. Herbal treatments

Question 8:

One major side effect of the herbal supplement can be hot flashes and increased perspiration due to increased thermogenesis, what is the likely cause of the heat production?

A. Increasing the activity of phosphfructokinase-1.

B. Increasing the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

C. Increasing the activity of citrate synthase.

D. Increasing the activity of uncoupling proteins.

Question 9:

Would substituting fiber and complex carbohydrates (larger % cellulose) for the simple sugars and starches (high sucrose and amylose/amylopectin) help Morgan lose weight, why?

A. Yes, because complex carbohydrates like cellulose are largely indigestible so they pass through

the digestive tract without being absorbed.

B. Yes, cellulose contains less glucose residues than amylose or amylopectin.

C. Yes, because the fructose in sucrose is much more responsible for weight gain than the glucose.

D. No, because cellulose, amylose, and amylopectin are all composed of glucose so it doesn’t

matter.

Question 10:

Which weight loss suggestion will lead to an increased need for gluconeogenesis?

A. Atkins Diet

B. Exercise

C. High fiber diet

D. Herbal treatments

Case study:

Aviva lives in New York City and works as a software developer. She is 25 years old, 5′5″ tall, and, at 160 pounds, she is overweight. Aviva's fast-paced day typically starts at 6 a.m. when she gets up for work. She is always in a rush in the mornings, and routinely grabs a quick breakfast of an instant drink or a breakfast bar and a cup of coffee with cream as she walks to the subway. Aviva works long hours at her job and has a heavy workload that keeps her tied to her desk. Around 1 p.m. every day, she takes a short break to grab lunch at the deli next door. She is in the habit of getting the same sandwich every day, generally a prepackaged corned beef or pastrami hoagie with the works: lettuce, tomato, onion, mayo, mustard, and melted cheese, accompanied by a small bag of jalapeno potato chips. Aviva usually orders a 32-oz. cola, and when she is feeling particularly stressed by a difficult work situation, she picks up a triple chocolate chunk cookie to eat at her desk. Chocolate chip cookies are Aviva's favorite comfort food and remind her of happy times on family movie nights. By the time Aviva leaves work, it is usually 8:00 p.m. or later. She walks to the subway station one block from her office and heads home. Once home, she frequently heats up her favorite frozen dinner, barbequed chicken and garlic mashed potatoes with a side of creamed corn. She finds the mashed potatoes to be comforting after a long and tense day at work. Most of Aviva's meals are takeout food or frozen meals from the grocery store. She is generally too tired to cook, and she likes the taste of convenient meals. Her freezer is always full of frozen pizzas, large-portion heat-and-serve meals, and frozen burritos. Each evening she enjoys an hour or two of television, and reads over some papers from work before fixing a hot fudge sundae for herself and heading to bed. One day her company holds a blood pressure screening for all of its employees and Aviva decides to participate. Aviva is shocked to find out that at age 25, she has elevated blood pressure. She start noticing that she has gained weight, and that she lacks some of the energy she had in college. Because of these issues and the fact that her father died of a heart attack two years ago at age 58, Aviva decides to make some changes in her life to live longer and healthier.tomato and orange juice because she knows that fruits and vegetables are healthy choices, and because she alwayshas a supply of tomatoes from the family produce shop.After breakfast, Anna heads downstairs to work. The family store is in the downstairs portion of their house. Whileat work, Anna's brother carries the large boxes of produce into the store and stocks the shelves. Anna sits in a chairat the register and rings up sales. The store closes at 1 p.m. for lunch. In the Czech Republic, foods are generallyprepared and eaten in the home, and lunch is the largest meal of the day. Anna and her family members enjoy amid-day meal together, usually consisting of potato soup, roast pork, boiled cabbage, and dumplings. Rye orpumpernickel bread with butter are often served as well.After lunch, the store reopens until 7 p.m., at which time Anna returns upstairs for dinner. For dinner, Anna ofteneats a small sandwich of sausage on a bun. With her evening meal, she often has a glass of beer. Anna is usually inbed by 10:30 p.m., and tries to get at least eight hours of sleep to be well-rested for the next day's work. However,three times a week she joins her friends at a local bar, where they each drink three or four tall beers and smokecigarettes.Anna's mother has recently fallen ill. The doctor suspects that Anna's mother experienced a very mild heart attackand needs a period of rest and recuperation. Anna has a family history of heart disease; her grandmother died of aheart attack several years ago. Anna is worried about her mother, and she also realizes that she needs to make somelifestyle changes.