CHEM 1301 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7.3: Ammonia, Covalent Bond, Valence Bond Theory

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Describing the a and bonding systems in multiple bonds. Organic molecules exhibit three different types of hybridization at the carbon center: sp3 hybridized carbons for tetrahedral geometries, sp2 hybridized carbons for trigonal planar geometries, sp hybridized carbons for linear geometries. There are two modes by which orbitals in a molecule overlap and produce two types of covalent bonds: end to end (called sigma, , bond) All bonds are single bonds: side to side (called pi, bond) Double bond: has two sets of bonding electrons, therefore it must require two sets of overlapping orbitals, consists of one and one pi bond. Triple bond overlapping orbitals: has three sets of bonding electrons, therefore it must require three sets of, consists of one and two pi bonds. A bond can be visualized as a sausage- shaped distribution of electron with the. Bonds are known in the following orbitals overlap:

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