BIOL239 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Pigment, A Aa, Halothane

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scarletbee935

6 Mar 2017

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL239

Professor

Christine Dupont

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Document Summary

Set 2- extension to mendelian ratios: incomplete dominance: You could call that ar and a blue, it"s up to you. I just called it 1 and 2. : example: snapdragons also show incomplete dominance, exhibiting the law of segregation. Heterozygotes only have on dominant allele that is able to produce the red pigment. Red and white plants: each allele of a specific gene specifies an alternative form of a protein molecule with an enzymatic role in pigment production. In a heterozygote that exhibits incomplete dominance, one copy of the dominant red allele will produce just enough red pigment to make the the plant appear pink in colour: two grey cows one black offspring. Keep crossing the cows and you will get 3:1 if recessive-dominant or 1:2:1 if its codominance. If a white appears it has to be codominance: ans: codominance! The hair of a cow actually has black hairs and white hairs so it is codominance!

Related Questions

QUESTION 1

Jim is blood type A, his brother John is type O and his sister Jane is type AB. What are the genotypes of their parents?

Which of the following is true for alleles that show incomplete dominance?

Heterozygotes have a genotype like the dominant allele.

Homozygotes have a genotype like the recessive allele.

Heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the dominant and recessive alleles.

Homozygotes have the same phenotype as the heterozygotes.

QUESTION 3

Which principle of inheritance concluded that when games are formed in meiosis, the two alleles of each gene separate from one another, and each gamete receives only one allele?

independent assortment

Which term best describes a condition in which alleles at one locus can alter the expression of alleles at another locus?

polygenic inheritance

A single unit of genetic information located on a chromosome defines:

The physical expression (appearance or function) of an organism's genes defines:

genotype

a single characteristic

Palomino horses (golden color with a blond mane) are an incompletely dominant trait produced by the combination of the chestnut color allele and the cream color allele. If you wanted to produce as many palominos as possible, which mating strategy below would be the best choice?

Which term best describes the effect of a single gene on multiple aspects of the phenotype?

polygenic inheritance

QUESTION 9

Which term best describes the separate expression of both alleles for a single trait in the same cell?

polygenic inheritance

QUESTION 10

One form of a gene found on a single chromosome defines:

A chocolate lab (whose mother was a yellow lab) is mated with a black lab whose genotype is BbEe. What fraction of the offspring would be expected to be yellow labs?

What type of allele is always expressed regardless of whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous for it?

Both the dominant and recessive alleles

Given the parents AABBGgHhrr Ã AabbGgHhRr, assume simple dominance and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to have the genotype AaBbggHHrr?

___________________ is defined as having two of the same type of allele for a particular trait.

The physical position of an allele on a single chromosome defines:

Which term best describes two or more genes affecting the phenotype in an additive fashion?

codominance

polygenic inheritance

___1. Nationally, the most common cause of Down Syndrome is
a. nondisjunction of Chromosome 21 during meiosis
b. translocation of Chromosome 21 onto another chromosome
c. inversion of a large section of Chromosome 21
d. deletion of the Down Syndrome gene
___2. In humans, sex is determined by
a. The presence or absence of the Y chromosome
b. The ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes
c. The temperature during fetal development
d. Which parent is stronger at the time of conception
___3. A translocation is
a. a chromosomal abnormality in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
b. an abnormality in which the chromosomes are translocated out of the nucleus
c. a condition in which the chromosome has broken in two places and come back together with the middle segment backward
d. an abnormality in which there is an extra copy of one chromosome
___ 4. In snapdragons, a red-flowered plant crossed with a white-flowered plant produces all pink-flowered offspring. But crossing two pink-flowered plants produces red, pink, and white in a 1:2:1 ratio. This is a good example of
a. Incomplete dominance
b. Dominance of the red allele over the white allele
c. Lethal effects of the pink allele
d. Sex-linkage of the flower-color alleles
___ 5. If a person with type AB blood marries a person with Type O blood, what blood types are possible in their children? (Assume this trait is a single-gene trait, not complicated by interaction with other genes).
a. A, B, AB, or O
b. A or B only
c. AB or O only
d. AB only 2
___6. In what phase of meiosis are haploid nuclei first formed? a. Anaphase I b. Metaphase II c. Telophase II d. Metaphase I e. Telophase I
___7. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous tall pea plant? a. tall b. Tt c. TT d. tt e. dominant
___ 8. If genes A and B are far apart on a chromosome, and A and C are close together, which of the following observations is expected?
a. Crossing over will occur more often between A and C than between A and B
b. Crossing over will occur at equal frequencies between A and C, and between A and B
c. Crossing over will occur more often between A and B than between A and C
___9. Sometimes an organismâs genotype for one gene masks the effect of a different gene. This phenomenon is called
a. Dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Co-dominance
d. Epistasis
e. Variable expressivity
___10. The dominant allele of a gene is
a. The one that is expressed most often in a population
b. The one that is expressed most often in any particular cross
c. The one that is expressed in an individual that has two different alleles
d. The one that is most healthy to have, that gives the greatest fitness
___11. In human cells, DNA replication occurs
a. In S phase of interphase
b. In G1 phase of interphase
c. In G2 phase of interphase
d. In prophase of mitosis
e. Whenever the cell needs to read the DNA to make proteins
___ 12. A process in which recipient cells take up genes from DNA molecules floating free in the surrounding medium is called
a. conjugation
b. specialized transduction
c. generalized transduction
d. transformation 3
___ 13. Most calico cats are female. However, a few rare males are observed. What is the genotype of a male calico cat?
a. X BX 0
b. X OY
c. X BY
d. X BYY
e. X BX OY
___ 14. A type of red-green color-blindness is a sex-linked (X-linked) recessive trait in humans. Can a woman have this type of color-blindness?
a. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her mother and father were both heterozygous.
b. Yes, a woman could be color-blind but only if she has an abnormal number of sex chromosomes.
c. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they lack a Y chromosome.
d. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they have two X chromosomes.
e. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her father was color-blind and her mother was a carrier (heterozygous).

If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?

	A.	512
	B.	9
	C.	18
	D.	128
	E.	36

At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.

	A.	sister chromatids
	B.	germ cells
	C.	homologous chromosomes
	D.	haploid chromatids
	E.	centrioles

Mendel observed that dominant traits

	A.	are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments.
	B.	are expressed in all plants.
	C.	were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments.
	D.	were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments.
	E.	are only expressed in hybrids.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because

	A.	there is no difference.
	B.	in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts.
	C.	the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells.
	D.	plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
	E.	a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?

	A.	complete dominance
	B.	incomplete dominance
	C.	codominance
	D.	multiple alleles
	E.	recessive dominance

Which of the following statements is true:

	A.	The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals.
	B.	With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected.
	C.	In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype.
	D.	In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.
	E.	With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.

Skin cancers typically develop in the

	A.	upper layers of the epidermis.
	B.	lower layers of the dermis.
	C.	subcutaneous layer.
	D.	lower layers of the epidermis.
	E.	upper layers of the dermis.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?

	A.	1/2
	B.	0
	C.	1/16
	D.	1/4
	E.	1/8

The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its

	A.	genotype.
	B.	heterozygosity.
	C.	phenotype.
	D.	filial.
	E.	dominance.

What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?

	A.	chromatin
	B.	kinetochore
	C.	MPF
	D.	centromere
	E.	cyclin

If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in

	A.	telophase.
	B.	anaphase.
	C.	interphase.
	D.	metaphase.
	E.	prophase.

Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because

	A.	he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations.
	B.	he studied the parental plants to determine their differences.
	C.	he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner.
	D.	he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern.
	E.	pea plants have genetics different from other organisms.

Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?

	A.	None of the above
	B.	TtGg x Ttgg
	C.	ttGG x TTgg
	D.	TtGg x TtGg
	E.	TtGg x ttgg

In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the

	A.	superwoman echidna.
	B.	mutant superman.
	C.	sonic hedgehog.
	D.	mutant mole rat.
	E.	superhero aardvark.

The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene

	A.	segregate from each other during meiosis.
	B.	must always be the same allele.
	C.	separate from each other during mitosis.
	D.	will both wind up in either the sperm or egg.
	E.	move together as a unit during meiosis.

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?

	A.	metaphase and telophase
	B.	anaphase and metaphase
	C.	interphase and telophase
	D.	interphase and prophase
	E.	metaphase and prophase

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of

	A.	the principle of dihybrids.
	B.	multiple alleles.
	C.	heterozygosity.
	D.	incomplete dominance.
	E.	independent assortment.

An allele is

	A.	an alternate form of a gene.
	B.	always recessive.
	C.	the main factor determining a trait.
	D.	always one of a pair.
	E.	the dominant form of a gene.

After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are

	A.	spindle fibers.
	B.	kinetochores.
	C.	chromatids.
	D.	chromatin.
	E.	centromeres.

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called

	A.	egg cells.
	B.	somatic cells.
	C.	germ cells.
	D.	stem cells.
	E.	basal cells.

BIOL239 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Pigment, A Aa, Halothane

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