PSY 1101 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: James W. Pennebaker, Wilhelm Wundt, Sq3R
16 Dec 2016
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Psychology Textbook Questions:
Prologue:
What event defined the start of scientific psychology?
Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology
laboratory.
Structuralism used introspection to defie the id’s akeup; functionalism focused on how mental
processes enables us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
From the 1920s through the 1960s, the two major forces in psychology were behaviourism and
Freudian psychology.
How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?
It reaptured the field’s earl iterest i etal proesses ad ade the legitiate topis for sietifi
study.
What is natural selection?
This is the process by which natures selects from chance variations the traits that best enable an
organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
What is oteporar psholog’s positio o the ature-nurture debate?
Psychological events often stem from the interaction of nature and nurture, rather than from either of
them acting alone.
What advantages do we gain by using the biopsychosocial approach in studying psychological events?
By incorporating different levels of analysis, the biopsychosocial approach can provide a more complete
view than any one perspective could offer.
- Both counselling can administer and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes
conduct basis and applied research, unlike psychiatrists who can prescribe medication.
The testing effect describes the enhanced memory that results from repeated retrieval (as in self-
testing) rather than from simple rereading of new information.
What does the acronym SQ3R stand for?
Survey, Question, Read, Retrieval, and Review.
Match the specialty on the left with the description on the right.
1. Clinical Psychology = Studies, accesses, and treats people with psychological disorders but usually
does not provide medical therapy.
2. Psychiatry = Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders.
3. Community Psychology = Works to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all.
Terms and Concepts to Remember:
- Behaviourism
- Humanistic psychology
- Cognitive neuroscience
- Psychology
- Nature-nurture issue
- Natural selection
- Levels of analysis
- Biopsychosocial approach
- Basic research
- Applied Research
- Counselling psychology
- Clinical psychology
- Psychiatry
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- Positive psychology
- Community Psychology
- Testing effect
- SQ3R
Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science:
Why, after friends start dating, do we often feel that we knew they were meant to be together?
We often suffer from hindsight bias-after e’e leared a situatio outoe, the outoe sees
familiar and therefore obvious.
How does the scientific attitude contribute to critical thinking?
The scientific attitudes combines 1) curiosity about the world around us, 2) skepticism toward various
claims and ideas, and 3) humility aout oe’s o uderstadig. Ealuatig eidee, assessig
conclusions, and examining our own assumptions are essential parts of critical thinking.
What does a good theory do?
Psychologists watch eagerly for new findings but they also proceed with caution-by waiting other
iestigators’ repeatig the eperiet. Can the findings be confirmed (the result replicated)?
Why is replication important?
1. It organizes observed facts.
2. It implies hypotheses that offer testable predictions and sometimes, practical applications.
Case studies do not allow us to learn about general principles that apply to all of us. Why not?
Case studies iole ol oe idiidual, so e a’t ko for sure hether the priiples osered
would apply to a larger population.
An EAR for naturalistic observation: Psychologists Matthias Mehl and James Pennbaker have used
Electronically Activated Recorders (EARs) for sample naturally occurring slices of daily life.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observation, such as Mehl and Pennebaker
used in this study?
The study by Mehl and Pennebaker carefully observes and records naturally occurring behaviours
outside the artificiality of the lab. Because this is not an experiment, the study does not reveal the
factors that influence everyday speech.
What is sampling bias, and how do researchers avoid it?
Random sampling helps researchers avoid sampling bias, which occurs when a survey group is not
representative of the population being studied.
Indicate whether each link is a positive correlation or a negative correlation.
1. The more children and youth use various media, the less happy they are with their lives: negative.
2. The more sexual content teens see on TV, the more likely they are to have sex: positive.
3. The longer children are breast-fed, the greater their later academic achievement: positive.
4. The more income rose among a sample of poor families, the fewer psychiatric symptoms their
children experienced: negative.
Correlation and Causation: length of marriage correlates with hair loss in men. Does this mean that
marriage causes men to lose their hair (or that balding men make better husbands)?
In this case, as in many others, a third factor obviously explains the correlation: Golden anniversaries
and baldness both accompany aging.
What measure do researchers use to prevent the placebo effect from confusing their results?
Use of control group, which is given a placebo and not the real treatment, allows results to be compared
to the group that is given the real treatment, thus demonstrating whether the real treatment produces
better results than belief in that treatment.
By using random assignment, researchers are able to control for confounding variable, which are other
factors besides the independent variable(s) that may influence research results.
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Document Summary
Scientific psychology began in germany in 1879 when wilhelm wundt opened the first psychology laboratory. Structuralism used introspection to defi(cid:374)e the (cid:373)i(cid:374)d"s (cid:373)akeup; functionalism focused on how mental processes enables us to adapt, survive, and flourish. From the 1920s through the 1960s, the two major forces in psychology were behaviourism and. It re(cid:272)aptured the field"s earl(cid:455) i(cid:374)terest i(cid:374) (cid:373)e(cid:374)tal pro(cid:272)esses a(cid:374)d (cid:373)ade the(cid:373) legiti(cid:373)ate topi(cid:272)s for s(cid:272)ie(cid:374)tifi(cid:272) study. This is the process by which natures selects from chance variations the traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Psychological events often stem from the interaction of nature and nurture, rather than from either of them acting alone. By incorporating different levels of analysis, the biopsychosocial approach can provide a more complete view than any one perspective could offer. Both counselling can administer and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basis and applied research, unlike psychiatrists who can prescribe medication.
