PSY 3109 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6: American Health Care Act Of 2017, Anarchism In Russia, Motivation
15 May 2018
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Unit 3: Reward and Punishment Part II (Chapter 6)
American psychology was dominated by Associationist theories assuming that behaviour
is controlled by peripheral mechanisms, these theories held that the initiation of behaviour
is a function of stimulus inputs such as external rewards and punishments (Skinner, 1953)
or internal drive stimulations (Hull, 1943).
• Concepts such as intention were considered irrelevant to the determination of
behaviour
• We simply respond to our environments but we don’t chose to do anything
• Carrot and stick motivation is effective in making behaviour happen but not in
creating intrinsic motivation
During the 1950s and 1960s: Associationist theories gave way to cognitive theories in
which the processing of information was assumed to play an important role in the
determination of behaviour
• the cognitive perspective shifted the focus of analysis from the effects of past
consequences of behaviour to expectations about future consequences of behaviour.
• The concept of intentionality (Lewin, 1951) became important because behaviour,
whether implicitly or explicitly, was understood in terms of people’s intentions to
act in a way that would yield certain outcomes.
Deci and Ryan care about choice and the role that it plays in motivation
• Some intentional behaviours are initiated and regulated through choice as an
expression of oneself
• These behaviours are characterized by autonomous initiation and regulation and
are referred to as self-determined
• We don’t like being forced into situations
• Other intentions behaviours are pressured and coerced by intrapsychic
environmental forces and thus do not represent true choice
• These behaviours are characterized by heteronomous initiation and regulation and
are referred to as controlled
o Ex. She made the choice to get the coffee but something made her do it
• Having an intention implies personal causation and is equivalent to being motivated
to act. Intentions are said to derive from one’s desire to achieve positively valent
outcomes or avoid negatively valent ones.
The organismic approach distinguishes between those intentional behaviours that are
initiated and regulated autonomously and those that are controlled by intrapersonal or
interpersonal forces.
• INTENTION is not the same as CHOICE
• You can INTEND to do something but it is not necessarily of your own free will
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