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ENV100Y5 Chapter Notes - Chapter 17: Pyrolysis Oil, Biodiesel, Landfill Gas

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16 Mar 2016

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ENV100Y5 Full Course Notes

ENV100Y5 Full Course Notes

Document Summary

New renewables include energy from sunlight, wind, earth"s geothermal heat, ocean water and hydrogen, as well as new technologies for biomass energy. There are three major applications for new renewables in the world"s energy market: Power generation (using wind, solar, and other sources to generate electricity) Space heating (using solar or terrestrial energy sources to heat buildings/factories) and district heating/cooling (distributing heated or cooled air to many buildings) Fuel (using hydrogen fuels or using crops, crop residues or waste materials to manufacture ethanol and biodiesel for use in transportation) Biomass energy is used for conversion into biofuels; the two types developed so far are: Ethanol: this is the alcohol found in beer, wine and liquor ethanol is also added to gasoline in the united states. Biodiesel vehicles with diesel engines can run on biodiesel produced from vegetable oil mixed with small amounts of ethanol or methanol as well. Most frequently, biodiesel is mixed with conventional petrodiesel.

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Related Questions

Question1.1. Which of the followingenergy sources are considered renewable? (Points : 1)

Gasoline
Tidal energy
Coal
Nuclear energy

Question2.2. The most crops that canbe harvested from a plant population, while leaving the populationintact for future harvests, is known as____________. (Points :1)

cash crop
maximum sustainableyield
equilibrium theory
sustainabilityfactor

Question3.3. The system of____________ was started in 1903 by Roosevelt and is administeredby the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (Points : 1)

habitat preserves
national parks
national wildliferefuges
resource managementoversight

Question4.4. Urban sprawl refersto___________. (Points : 1)

the height of skyscrapersin modern cities
the population growth incities
the spread of cities intonew areas
the sustainabledevelopment of a city

Question5.5. Active solar energyconsists of____________. (Points : 1)

buildings that maximizesolar energy collection
storing and moving solarenergy
constructing solar energyfacilities in high-sunlight areas
eliminating thebi-products of solar energy collection

Question6.6. One of the disadvantagesof solar power is that ___________. (Points : 1)

it's too expensive, orcost prohibitive, even in developed countries
it causes high levels ofpollution
the technology is notvery reliable
installation of thetechnology cannot be performed by laymen

Question7.7. The shift of populationfrom the countryside into towns and cities is known as_________.(Points : 1)

modernization
industrialization
urbanization
urban expansion

Question8.8. Which of the following isan effective route to energy conservation? (Points : 1)

Increasing the amount offossil fuels available for processing
Using batteries forgeneration of electricity
Adjusting human behaviorby taking steps to reduce energy consumption
Eliminating competingspecies in order to reduce the planetary load

Question9.9. Fire history, or thenumber of fire events in a given area, can be determined by___________. (Points : 1)

density ofvegetation
charcoal on the surfaceof the soil
soil chemistry
burn marks in treerings

Question10.10. Whether ahydrogen-based energy system is environmentally cleaner than afossil-fuel system depends on ___________. (Points : 1)

the car driven
the source of theelectricity used for electrolysis
the process used toextract the water
governmental incentivesfor research

Question11.11. Worldwide, which of thefollowing is the most commonly used renewable resource? (Points :1)

Solar
Hydro
Biomass
Wind

Question12.12. Among otherapplications, ____________ can be converted into liquid fuels topower automobiles and other engines, used to provide heat energy asfuel, and used to create steam for turning turbines in a magneticfield. (Points : 1)

nuclear power
hydro-electricpower
coal
biomass energy

Question13.13. Which of the followingis not a part of the forest ecosystem? (Points : 1)

Canopy
Base
Understory
Subcanopy

Question14.14. Which of the followinggave the president authority to declare selected public lands asnational monuments? (Points : 1)

The HomesteadersAct
The National ParksAct
The Wilderness Act
The Antiquities Act

Question15.15. The waste productsassociated with the use of a hydrogen fuel cell are ___________.(Points : 1)

carbon dioxide andparticulates
water and heat
oxygen and methane
spent radioactive fuelcells

Question16.16. Hydrogen is used asfuel through___________. (Points : 1)

ingestion
physical reaction
chemical reaction
incineration

Question17.17. Windmills are generallybetter placed___________. (Points : 1)

higher to minimizeturbulence and maximize wind speed
lower to minimizeturbulence and maximize wind speed
higher to minimize thenumber of birds that interfere with blade turning
lower to increase heatconvection off the ground

Question18.18. In the United States,the use of fuel cell technology ___________. (Points : 1)

was originally used byprivate industry in the sixties
has been widely used inNASA's spaceflight programs
would contributesignificantly to current pollution problems
would create largeproblems with waste product disposal

Question19.19. One problem associatedwith geothermal power is that it___________. (Points : 1)

can cause allergies formany people
interferes with radioreception in nearby areas
can pollute the air
causes temperatures tofluctuate

Question20.20. Some state governmentsoppose land set-asides because ___________. (Points : 1)

they don't have enormous,beautiful, or unusual features, such as the Grand Canyon
they have too much landunder federal control
they need money from thesale of the land protected by land set-asides
they are not concernedwith the environment

rubywildebeest437

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provide sufficient and detail examples from the articles??

three articles features and explain?

please answer is thanks.

Kendrick Taylor looks over the WAIS drill That, at least, is the theory. But temperature can be exchanged between the poles through other channels, including the atmosphere, which moves heat faster than ocean currents do, says Bo Vinther, a postdoc at the Un versity of Copenhagen, who has worked on coring projects in Greenland and Antarctica. Ifpalaeoclimatologists see long lags between temperature changes at the poles when they stack the WAIS cores up against those from Greenland, that evidence would suggest a lead role for the ocean in the bipolar seesaw. But a shorter lag would suggest a more prominent role for theatmosphere. The CO2 record will help to answer this ques tion, too: CO2 from deep in the ocean, where arge masses of organic matter have decom. posed, has a different isotopic signature from terrestrial or atmospheric CO2. Heavier CO n the WAIS record would suggest that ocean. irculation bringing up deep water was largely responsible for the bipolar seesaw. With about a kilometre of ice left to pull up, Taylor is hopeful that the core will be complete by the end of the next drilling season. But the final metres can be the toughest to dig up because the drill's descent grows longer with each segment ofextracted core. "We can get it all done next season ifevery thing goes perfectly," he says. "But this is Antarctica. Every day is a surprise Chaz Firestone Mischler, J. A etai. Glob, Biogeochem, Cycles 23, GB4024 2009 22. Bluni & Brook, E. Science 291, 09-112 (2001 3. EPICA Community Members Nature 444,195-198 (2006) For more images from the camp, VeansoG. see go nature.com Altered microbe makes biofuel In a bid to overcome the drawbacks ames Liao, a metabolic engineer and of existing biofuels, researchers have synthetic biologist at the University of engineered a bacterium that can convert California, Los Angeles a form of raw plant biomass directly into LS9's calculations, performed with the clean, road-ready diesel. help of the Argonne National Laboratory So far, biofuels have largely been limited in Illinois, show that the biodiesel that it is to ethanol, which is harder to transport preparing to market reduces greenhouse than petrol and is made from crop plants gas emissions by 85% compared with such as maize (corn) and sugarcane, standard diesel. That calculation is based putting vehicles in competition with on using Brazilian sugarcane, which is hungry mouths. In this week's Nature a much more efficient feedstock than researchers from the University of maize LS9 says that the shift from sugars California, Berkeley, and the biotech firm to biomass as a feedstock would reduce LS9 of South San Francisco, California, greenhouse gases even further. among others describe apotential solution The company has been working to modified Escherichia coli bacterium that convert sugars into tailored molecules for can make biodiesel directly from sugar several years, says co-author Stephen del omponent The process has Cardayre, LS9's vice-president for research and development. hemicellulose, of plant fibre (see page 559 a lot of promise The method can be tailored However, their university to produce ahost of high for actually being collaborators went two steps value chemicals, including further, eliminating the need for commercialized molecules that mimic additives and then folding in the standard petrol, and could be expanded to ability to use hemicellulose asafeedstock. work on tougher cellulosicmaterials, the This a representation of the type researchers say. of efforts that are going to move us to The work identifies a potentially cost biomass," he says. effective way of converting grass orcrop The researchers basically amplified waste directly into fuel, filling gas tanks and then short-circuited E coli's internal without raising global food prices or machinery for producing large fatty-acid increasing hunger and deforestation i molecules, enabling them to convert far-flung locales. Moreover, the process precursor molecules directly into fuels is much more climate friendly than and other chemicals. The team then facturing ethanol from maize, and inserted genes from other bacteria to manu produces higher-energy fuels that are produce enzymes able to break down interchangeable with current petroleum hemicellulose. In all, the authors report products. The next step is to scale the more than a dozen genetic modifications process up and adapt it to cellulose, which The results could buoy LS9, says Mark makes up the bulk of plant material Bunger, a research director at business "It's a nice milestone in the field of consultancy Lux Research in San Francisco. biofuels, and it has a lot of promise for Like its competitors, including Amyris actually being commer rcialized," says of Emeryville, California, and South San Francisco-based S LS9 struggled for funding in 2008 and early 2009 because of the drop in oil prices and the economic downturn, Bunger says. But LS9 made it through, securing US$25 million in new funding from various sources, including a strategic partnership with oil giant Chevron last September. The company plans to open a commercial-scale demonstration plant later this year. eff Tollefso Switchgrass could be made into diesel cleanly and quickly.