Sociology
Chapter 1: A Sociological Compass
Pages. 119
Introduction
Why you need a compass for a new world
Sociology: The systematic study of human behaviour in social context.
The Sociological Perspective
Why people commit such an act of suicide you are likely to focus on their individual
states of mind rather than on the state of society. We often don’t examine the patterns of
social relations that might encourage or inhabit such actions.
The Sociological Explanation of Suicide
Emile Durkheim, one of the first sociologist within the discipline demonstrates
that suicide is more than just an individual act of desperation that results from
psychological disorder, but are strongly influenced by social forces.
Psychological disorder occurred most frequently when a person reached maturity,
but suicide rates increase steadily with advancing age.
Suicide rates are strongly influenced by social forces
Suicide rates varied as a result of difference in degree of social solidarity in
different categories.
Social solidarity: refers to (1) the degree to which group members share beliefs and
values, and (2) the intensity and frequency of their interaction
The more social solidarity in a group, the less the chances of one taking their life
because they are more rooted to the social world
Values: ideas about what is good and bad, right and wrong
Theory: a tentative explanation of some aspect of social life that states how and why
certain facts are related
Altruistic suicide: occurs in setting that exhibits very high levels of social solidarity
according to Durkheim. In order words, altruistic suicide results from norms very tightly
governing behaviours. (Ex. Soldiers who give up their life for the sole purpose of
patriotism)
Egoistic suicide: results from poor integration of people into society because of weak
social ties to others, according to Durkheim. (Ex. unemployment and unmarried more
likely to commit suicide)
Anomic suicide: occurs in setting that exhibit low levels of social solidarity. Anomic
suicide results from vaguely defined norms governing behaviour. (The rate of anomic
suicide is likely to be high among people living in a society that lacks a widely shared
code of morality.)
The Sociological Imagination Social structures: relatively stable pattern of social interaction. Affect your innermost
thoughts and feelings, influence your actions and thus help to shape who you are.
Sociological imagination: the quality of mind that enables one to see the connection
between personal troubles and social structure.
The quality of mind that enables one to see the connection between personal
troubles and social structures
C. Wright Mills argues that one of the sociologists main tasks is to identify &
explain the connection between peoples personal troubles & the social structures
in which people are embedded in
1) Microstructures: are pattern of social intimate social relations. Formed during face
toface interaction. Family’s friendship circles and work association are all examples of
microstructures.
2) Macrostructure: are patterns of social relations that lie outside and above your circle
of intimate and acquaintances. One important macrostructure is patriarchy. The
traditional system of economic and political inequality between women and men in most
societies. Other macrostructures include religions institutions and social classes.
3) Global Structure: are the third level of social structure. International organizations,
patterns of worldwide travel and communication and economic relations among countries
are examples of global structures. Global structures are increasingly important because
inexpensive travel and communication allow all part of the world to become
interconnected culturally, economically, and politically.
Origins of Sociological Imagination
Sociological imagination was born when three modern revolutions pushed people to think
about society in an entirely new way
The Scientific Revolution
It encourage the view that sound conclusion about the working of society must be
based on evidence, not just speculations.
Core of the scientific method: using evidence to make a case for particular point
of view
Democratic revolution
Suggest that people are responsible for organizing society and that human
intervention can therefore solve social problems.
Industrial revolution
The scientific revolution suggested that a science of society was possible
It presented social thinkers with a host of pressing social problems crying out for
solution, and they responded by creating the sociological imagination
It involved the largescale application of science and technology to industrial
processes the creation of factories and the formation of a working class.
August Comte + Tension Between Science and Values
Was a French social thinker who coined the word sociology in 1838
He did not like how society was changing so rapidly and he believed that change
should be slow
Sociological theory and theorist Functionalism
Emile Durkheim
Functionalism: theory that human behaviour is governed by relatively stable social
structure. It underlines how social structures maintain or under main social stability. It
emphasizes that social structure are based mainly on shared values or preferences and it
suggest that reestablishing equilibrium can best solve most social problems.
Durkheim’s theory of suicide is an example of what sociologists call
functionalism
Conflict Theory
Conflict theory: Emphasizes the centrality of conflict in social life
1) Generally focuses on large, macro level structures such as the relations or
patters of domination, submission and struggle between people of high social
standing
2) Shows how major patterns of inequality in society produce social stability in
some circumstances + social change in others
3) Stresses how members of privileges groups try to maintain their advantages
while subordinate groups struggle to acquire advantages
4) Typically leads to the suggestion that lessening privileges will lower the level
of conflict and increase human welfare
Karl Marx
Marx was the creator of conflict theory
Observed the industrial revolution and proposed his theory about the ways society
develop, class conflict lies at the center of his ideas
Believed that once class consciousness occurs, these people would put a stop to
private ownership of property and bring in communism
Marx Weber
Showed that class conflict is not the only driving force of history, politics and
religion are also important sources
Class conflict: The struggle between classes to resist and overcome the opposition of
other classes.
Classconsciousness: Awareness of belonging to the social class of which one is a
member.
Symbolic Interactionism
Weber and the Protestant Ethic
Weber argues that favourable economic circumstances alone did not cause early
capitalist development, he said certain religious beliefs encourages robust
capitalist growth
Protestant ethic: the sixteenth and seventeenth century protestant belief that religious
doubts can be reduced and a state of grace assured, if people worked diligently and live
ascetically. According to weber, the protestant work ethic had the unintended effect of
increasing saving and investment and thus stimulating capitalist growth.
The principles of Symbolic Interactionism Functionalists and conflict theories assume that people’s group memberships
(whether they are rich/poor/female/male/black/white) help shape their behaviour
Symbolic interaction:
1) Focuses on interpersonal communication in micro level social settings,
distinguishing it from both functionalist and conflict theories
2) Emphasizes that social life is possible only because people attach meaning to
things
3) Stresses that people help create their social circumstances and do not merely
react to them
4) By focusing on the subjective meanings people create in people create in small
social setting, symbolic integrationists sometimes validate unpopular and
unofficial view points
Feminism
Women Ignored
The few women who did release studies of their own did not get much recognition
and their theories would usually get ignored by other theorists
Modern Feminism
Feminist theory:
1) Focuses on various aspects of patriarchy, the system of male domination in
society
2) Holds that male domination and female subordination are determined not by
biological necessity but by structures of social power and social convention
3) Examines how patriarchy operates in both micro and macro settings
4) Contends that existing patterns of gender inequality can and should be changed
for the benefit of all members of society
Applying the four theoretical Perspectives: The Problem of Fashion
Functionalism
Fashion gave people the chance to flaunt their wealth
Because of new fashion trends through the functionalist theory no longer provides
satisfying explanation of fashion cycles
Conflict Theory
Conflict theories typically view fashion cycles as a means by which industry
owners make big products
Fashion keeps people distracted from all the other problems that are happening in
the world
Fashion helps maintain social stability
Symbolic Interactionism
Clothing is a form of symbolic interactionism, a “wordless” language
The Research Cycle
Research: The process of systematically observing reality to assess the validity of a
theory.
Pages 2729 Your Sociological Compass
Post industrialism and Globalization
Sociology today is a heterogeneous enterprise enlivened by hundreds of theoretical
debates, some focused on small issues relevant to particular fields and geographical areas,
others focused on big issues that seek to characterize the entire historical era for humanity
as a whole
Postindustrial revolution: The technology driven shift from manufacturing to service
industries and the consequences of that shift for virtually allhuman activities.
Globalization: The process by which
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