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BIOB34H3 Chapter 2: CHAPTER 2.docx

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crimsonferret725
20 Sep 2012
School
UTSC
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOB34H3
Professor
--

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Document Summary

Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons form bonds between atoms and capture energy. Isotopes contain different number of neutrons: covalent bonds. Cation-positively charged ion: high-energy electrons electrons in certain atoms can capture energy from their environment and transfer it to other atoms, free radicals unstable atoms resulting radiation that alters the distribution of electrons in atoms. Antioxidants substances that prevent damage to our cells by giving up electrons without becoming free radicals. Covalent bonds are formed when adjacent atoms share electrons.

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Related Questions

5. ______ is the basic unit of all elements of a matter.
6. An atom that contains fewer electrons than protons is said to be _______ charge.
7. A particle that contains more electrons than protons is ______ charge.
8. If an atom contains equal numbers of electrons and protons, the atoms are described as _______.

a. atom b. electrically neutral

c. electron d. negatively

e. neutron f. nucleus

g. positively h. proton

When two or more different elements bond together, compounds are formed.

The smallest parts of these compounds that retain their original properties are called molecules.

All atoms contain negatively charged electrons that orbit around a positively charged nucleus.

The nucleus contains positively charged ____________ and neutrally charged ____________ .

It is the ____________ charged ____________ that give atoms properties that are favorable in forming chemical bonds.

Ionic bonds are formed when two opposite charged ions (formed when atoms lose or gain electrons) encounter each other. These bonds can be viewed as “extreme polar covalent bonds” as one atom is in total control of the other’s electron(s). Why are ionic bonds so much weaker when they are in water?

A. Ionic compounds such as salts are hydrophilic, so they prefer to form bonds with water molecules over other compounds.
B. Water molecules readily form covalent bonds to charged particles and, as these bonds are stronger than ionic bonds, the ionic bonds are pulled apart.
C. Water molecules shorten the size of covalent bonds and this weakens ionic interactions.
D. Water molecules readily donate electrons and nullify the positively charged ions.
E. Polar water molecules can physically interfere with the polar (positive/ negative) charged attraction between ions and thus the ionic bonds are disrupted and weakened.