PSYA01H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8.6: Mnemonic
Automatic versus Effortful Processing
Retrieval is enhanced by practising or rehearsing info
Effortful processing: practising or rehearsing info through shallow or deep processing
Automatic Processing: the formation of memories of events and experiences with little or no
attention/effort
Automatic includes frequency (amount of times hear a word), time (when you met your friend)
and place (where in text book a graph is)
Textbook is effortful
Encoding Specificity: principle that how we encode info determines ability to retrieve it later
For elaborative encoding, more rehearsal is better than less
Encoding specificity-given list of words with musical meanings and then beet, if u were asked if
there was veggie in list you would say no because context made you think of beat
Time to make info meaningful is during the encoding (ex. Columbus story in weird English:
Dooling Lachman)
Criticisms of the Levels of Processing Hypothesis
Distinction between depth and shallow not rigorously defined, depth seems a metaphor that
describes the fact info is more readily remembered when in relation to what we already know
No way of telling what someone is doing to remember words when presented a stimulus, though
we may say count the letters they may be doing something else
Improving Long-Term Memory through Mnemonics
When we can imagine info vividly and it fits into context we already know, it is easier to
remember
Mnemonic systems: special technique or strategy consciously employed in an attempt to improve
memory
Do not simplify info, makes it more complex and more info stored, but easier to recall
Method of Loci: a mnemonic system in which items to be remembered are mentally associated
with specific physical locations or landmarks on a path/route/routine
Peg-Word Method: mnemonic system which items to be remembered are associated with a set
of mental pegs that one already has in memory such as key words of a rhyme
Narrative Stories and Songs: a mnemonic system in which items to be remembered are linked
together by story
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Retrieval is enhanced by practising or rehearsing info. Effortful processing: practising or rehearsing info through shallow or deep processing. Automatic processing: the formation of memories of events and experiences with little or no attention/effort. Automatic includes frequency (amount of times hear a word), time (when you met your friend) and place (where in text book a graph is) Encoding specificity: principle that how we encode info determines ability to retrieve it later. For elaborative encoding, more rehearsal is better than less. Encoding specificity-given list of words with musical meanings and then beet, if u were asked if there was veggie in list you would say no because context made you think of beat. Time to make info meaningful is during the encoding (ex. Distinction between depth and shallow not rigorously defined, depth seems a metaphor that describes the fact info is more readily remembered when in relation to what we already know.
