PSYA01H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Ultradian Rhythm, Circadian Rhythm, Chronobiology

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Chapter 5:
5.1 Biological Rhythms of Consciousness: Wakefulness and Sleep
Consciousness: is a perso’s sujetie aareess, iludig thoughts, pereptios,
experiences of the world and self-awareness
Circannual rhythm: a yearly cycle
Infradian rhythm: any type of rhythm that occurs over a period of time longer than a day
Ultradian rhythm: more frequent biological rhythm
Circadian rhythms are internally driven daily cycles of approximately 24 hours affecting
physiological and behavioral processes.
Entrainment: when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light,
temperature or even a clock
Endogenous rhythms: biological rhythms that are generated by our body independent of
external cues such as light
The Stages of sleep:
Polysomnography: refers to a set of objective measurements used to examine physiological
variables during sleep
Beta waves: high frequency low amplitude waves
Alpha waves: signals that a person may be day dreaming, meditating or starting to fall
asleep
EEG (electroencephalogram) help define sleep cycles
REM sleep: is a stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body
movement and rapid eye movements
Theories of sleep:
Restore and repair hypothesis: is the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and
repair ay ear ad tear o the ody fro the day’s atiities
Preserve and protect hypothesis: suggests that two more adaptive functions of sleep are
preserving energy and protecting the organism from harm.
Sleep deprivation: occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep
Sleep displacement: occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time
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although she may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual
Jet lag: is the discomfort a person feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light
and darkness
Theories of dreaming:
The psychoanalytic approach:
Sigmund Freud viewed dreams as an unconscious expression of wish fulfillment.
Freud believed that humans are motivated by primal urges, with sex and aggression being
the most dominant.
Manifest content: is the images and storylines that we dream about.
Latent content: the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual
aggressive urges
Activation synthesis hypothesis: suggest that dreams arise from brain activity origination from
burst of excitatory messages from the brainstem
Problem-solving theory of dreaming: is the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous
from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to
problems encountered while awake.
Disorders and problems with sleep:
Insomnia: a disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep
Onset insomnia: occurs when a person has difficulty falling asleep
Maintenance insomnia occurs when an individual cannot easily return to sleep after
waking in the night
Terminal Insomnia: a situation in which a person wakes up too early, and cannot return
to sleep
Primary insomnia: refers to cases that arise from an internal source and are not the
result of another disorder
Secondary Insomnia: are the result of other disorders such as depression, physical
problems such as recovery from back surgery or use of substance ranging from caffeine
and nicotine to illegal drugs such as marijuana, ecstasy or cocaine
Nightmare: are vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep
Night terrors: are intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken, typically in a heighten
emotional state
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Document Summary

5. 1 biological rhythms of consciousness: wakefulness and sleep. Consciousness: is a perso(cid:374)"s su(cid:271)je(cid:272)ti(cid:448)e a(cid:449)are(cid:374)ess, i(cid:374)(cid:272)ludi(cid:374)g thoughts, per(cid:272)eptio(cid:374)s, experiences of the world and self-awareness. Infradian rhythm: any type of rhythm that occurs over a period of time longer than a day. Circadian rhythms are internally driven daily cycles of approximately 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioral processes. Entrainment: when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light, temperature or even a clock. Endogenous rhythms: biological rhythms that are generated by our body independent of external cues such as light. Polysomnography: refers to a set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep: beta waves: high frequency low amplitude waves, alpha waves: signals that a person may be day dreaming, meditating or starting to fall asleep. Rem sleep: is a stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement and rapid eye movements.

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