PSYB01H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Electrodermal Activity, Dependent And Independent Variables, Electromyography
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Cost of the manipulation: research can be costly. Ways to measure dependent variables: there are three broad categories of operational de nitions for dependent variables in most experiments: self-report, behavioural, and physiological. Cost of dependent measures: researchers need resources from the university or outside agencies to carry out costly research, paper-and-pencil self-report measures are generally inexpensive. Research on expectancy effects: the earliest demonstration was the case of clever hans (a clever horse who could pick up on his masters very subtle facial expressions to respond a certain way) in 1911. Solutions to the expectancy problem: to minimize expectancy effects, experimenters should be well trained and should practice behaving consistently with all patients, run all conditions simultaneously so that the experimenter"s behaviour is the same for all participants. Recall, it may be possible to manipulate independent variables using computers: can use experimenters that are unaware of the hypothesis being tests.