PSYB04H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Construct Validity, Formal System, Face Validity
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For example, in example 1, the measured variable was student performance on test questions following the ted talk. Independent variable comes first in time, and the dependent variable is measured afterward (second): experiments must have at least one independent variable and one dependent variable, but they often have more than one dependent variable. In this case, covariance is indicated by a difference in the group means: the large-bowl calories were different from the medium-bowl calories. For instance, the researcher would have to ensure that one pasta group did not have better-looking pasta than the other. If the research assistants had treated the large-bowl group with more generous attitude, the treatment of each participant would have been a design confound, too. Specifically, it can obscure, or make it difficult to detect differences in, the dependent variable: however, unsystematic variability should not be called a design confound, selection effects:
