PSYB32H3 Chapter 12: Chapter_12_-_Substand-Related_Disorders.doc

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From prehistoric times, humankind has used various substances in the hope of reducing physical pain or altering states of consciousness. Almost all peoples have discovered some intoxicant that affects the cns, relieving physical and mental anguish or producing euphoria. Despite the often devastating consequences of taking such substances into the body, their initial effects are usually pleasing, a factor that is perhaps the root of substance abuse. Withdrawal symptoms negative physical and physiological effects develop when the person stops taking the substance or reduces the amount; the person may also use the substance to relive or avoid withdrawal symptoms. Substance dependence is characterized by dsm-iv-tr as the presence of at least 3 of the following: The person develops tolerance, indicated by either (a) larger doses of the substance being needed to produce the desired affect or (b) the effects of the drug becoming markedly less if the usual amount is taken.

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