PSYC14H3 Chapter 3: Cultural Evolution

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maroonalpaca618

5 Jul 2018

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CHAPTERNOTES



● Manymannersareresultofculturallearning

● Mannershavechangedovertime

○ Whatwasformerlyetiquetteforonly

upperclassescametogovernthe

mannersforallclassesofppl

○ People’sviewofwhat’shealthy

havealsochanged

○ Behaviourconsideredtobepolite

fewcenturiesagowouldnot

necessarilybeappropriatetoday



WhereDoesCulturalVariationComeFrom?

● EcologicalandGeographicalVariation

○ Somewaysthatphysical

environmentsaffectcultureare

quitedirect

■ EXAMPLE:kindsoffood

availableinagiven

ecologyaffectkindsof

foragingbehavioursthat

pplengagein

○ Ecologicaldiffcanhavesome

indirecteffectsonculturesaswell

■Diffforagingbehaviours

canalsocometoaffect

howthesocietiesare

structuredandvaluesthat

ppladopt

○ Culturalvariationingenderroles

canarisefromdiffecologies

■ Incultureswhere

environmentisharshand

requirescourageand

physicalprowessto

securealiving,culturesof

masculinityaremorelikely

toemerge

■ Inculturesinwhich

environmentismore

benignandfloodis

plentifulandmoreeasily

acquired,more

androgynousgenderroles

morelikelytoemerge



→Smalldifferencescanhavelargeeffects

○ Proximalcauses→thosethathave

directandimmediaterelationswith

theireffects

○ Distalcauses:initialdifferencesthat

leadtoeffectsoverlongperiods,

oftenthroughindirectrelations

○ Culturaldifferencesinwaysof

thinkingcanbeinfluencedby

geographicdifferences

■ ComparedChineseuni

studentsdependingon

whethertheywerefrom

largelywheatgrowingor

ricegrowingcountries

■ Thesecountrieswerein

closephysicalproximity

andmajorityofthe

studentsweren’tdirectly

involvedinfarming

themselves,therewere

pronouncedculturaldiffin

waysofthinkingb/wthese

tworegions

● Inricegrowing

regions→ppl

showedmore

evidenceof

interdependent

thinkingstyles



→TransmittedvsEvokedCulture

● 2waysgeographiescanaffectcultural

norms:

○ Evokedculture:notionthatallppl,

regardlessofwherethey’refrom,

havecertainbiologicallyencoded

behaviouralrepertoiresthatthey

canaccess

■ Engagedwhen

appropriatesituational

conditionsarepresent

○ Transmittedculture:pplcometo

learnaboutparticularcultural

practicesthroughsociallearningor

bymodelingotherwholivenear

them

■ Cantravelwithpplwhen

theymovetonew

environments

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