PSYC18H3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Tania Singer, Cerebral Cortex, Walter Bradford Cannon

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Chapter 1: Approaches to Understanding Emotions
What is an Emotion? First Ideas !
-emotion ā€” psychological state or process that mediates between our concerns (or goals)
and events of our world !
-Tomkins ā€” at any one time emotion gives priority to one concern over others so we
concentrate on the matter at hand rather than other things !
-are locally rational so only help us deal adaptively with speciļ¬c concerns in context !
-are the source of our values, such as whom and what we love !
-help us form and engage in relationships !
-used to just research emotions by asking people questions and checking body responses
but now realizing that emotions happen between us and others, not only individually !
19th Century Founders !
-Darwin!
ā€¢ā€œExpression of the Emotions in Man and Animalsā€ !
ā€¢didnā€™t say that emotions had functions in our survival but did say that we are animals !
ā€¢wondered how emotions expressed in humans/animals and where emotions come from !
ā€¢said that emotional expressions are from habits that were once useful in habitat and now
can be triggered involuntarily in similar habitats ā€” e.g. hair standing on end in fear !
ā€¢expressions showed continuity of adult human emotions with those of lower animals and
infancy ā€” emotions were useful in these lower animals and infants but are no longer
needed in adults yet are still present as a leftover !
ā€¢emotions link us to the past of our species and our own infancy !
-William James !
ā€¢ā€œThe Principles of Psychologyā€ !
ā€¢argued against the common idea which was that emotion impels us so that if we see a
bear, we have fear and run !
ā€¢he said that when we see bear, emotion is perception of bodily changes ā€” when we see
bear, we feel our heart beating and our skin turning cold and then we run !
ā€¢concentrated on experience and said that experience of many emotions involves changes
of autonomic NS and changes from movements of muscles and joints ā€” diļ¬€erent
physiological reactions for diļ¬€erent emotions !
ā€¢emotions give ā€œcolor and warmthā€ to experience and without them, it would be pale !
-Freud !
ā€¢emotions are core of many mental illnesses !
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ā€¢emotion in present could derive from one in the past ā€” psychoanalysis !
ā€¢his research allowed Bolwby to develop theory of attachment ā€” love between infant and
caregiver and that later social development stems from this emotional base !
ā€¢Richard Lazarus was also able to combine with Darwin to say emotions derive from how
we evaluate events in environment in relation to our goals !
Philosophical and Literary Approaches !
-Aristotle !
ā€¢emotions depend on what we believe so we are responsible for our emotions because we
are responsible for our beliefs !
ā€¢diļ¬€erent judgments give rise to diļ¬€erent emotions ā€” e.g. anger arises when we feel that
someone has hurt us or our friends !
ā€¢drama is about human action and we donā€™t know enough to predict the consequences of
everything we do; when we watch plays, weā€™re moved to feel emotions for the main
character because we perceive them as ourselves many times !
ā€¢we can experience katharsis of our emotions ā€” people go to the theatre to clarify their
own emotions so when they have fear for the character, they understand their own fear !
-Epicureanism and Stoicism !
ā€¢Epicureanism (devoted to pursuit of pleasure) and Stoicism (indiļ¬€erent to pain or pleasure) !
ā€¢Epicureans developed ideas of natural human sociality that inļ¬‚uenced American and
French Revolutions !
ā€¢Epicurean ā€” humans have a right to pursuit of happiness and living naturally !
ā€¢Stoics inļ¬‚uenced acceptance of Christianity by the Roman s!
ā€¢Epicureans said that you should live simply and enjoy simple pleasures instead of chasing
after things like wealth that make people anxious ā€” chasing outrageous things makes us
have painful emotions, such as anger when we donā€™t get what we want !
ā€¢Stoics said that emotions derive from desires so you shouldnā€™t have any desires and that
will prevent you from having destructive emotions; the bad desires became the 7 Deadly
Sins when Christianity spread !
ā€¢this is ethical philosophy because people wanted to understand how emotions worked
but also how they could shape oneā€™s life for the better !
-RenƩ Descartes !
ā€¢founder of modern philosophy and of scientiļ¬c view of the world !
ā€¢ā€œThe Passions of the Soulā€ in which passions are emotions !
ā€¢6 fundamental emotions ā€” wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred, and sadness occur in the
thinking aspect of ourselves (the soul) and they are also connected to the body (e.g. heart
beating fast) !
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Document Summary

Emotion psychological state or process that mediates between our concerns (or goals) and events of our world. Tomkins at any one time emotion gives priority to one concern over others so we concentrate on the matter at hand rather than other things. Are locally rational so only help us deal adaptively with speci c concerns in context. Are the source of our values, such as whom and what we love. Help us form and engage in relationships. Used to just research emotions by asking people questions and checking body responses but now realizing that emotions happen between us and others, not only individually. Freud: emotions are core of many mental illnesses. Epicureanism and stoicism: epicureanism (devoted to pursuit of pleasure) and stoicism (indi erent to pain or pleasure, epicureans developed ideas of natural human sociality that in uenced american and.

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