PSYA02H3 Chapter 16: Study Guide For PSYA02, Chapter 16
!"#$%&'()*(+,-./012.3(405.//3(678(".6209(
(
!:+%:'#+(&;<+:%=<>?(+=@&4%A+&(!"<=!&4(#>B(!<>4&C:&>!&4(
(
!"#$"%&#'()*#"$+*,(,/(6(DE20E5.F/(686G0,H.(D967I.(0J(5.DE55.70(.7H,5J7K.7062(G5.//E5./L(:72,M.(N,J2JI,D62(
.HJ2E0,J73(DE20E562(.HJ2E0,J7(,/(85,H.7(K6,721(G/1D9J2JI,D62(-J5D./L(=0(,/(6(G5J8ED0(J-(9EK67(,70.22.D0(678(
G91/,D62(D6G6D,01(ONJ09(H.51(I.7.0,DPL(#/(6(DE20E5.(-6D./(7.Q(G5JN2.K/3(/J2E0,J7/(65.(G5JGJ/.8(678(0./0(
678(09.(QJ5M,7I(/J2E0,J7/(65.(G6//.8(8JQ7(-5JK(I.7.560,J7(0J(I.7.560,J7L(4JK.(/J2E0,J7/(65.(KJ8,-,.8(
0J(,7D5.6/.(.--.D0,H.7.//(678(J09.5/(K61(N.(6N678J7.8(-J5(N.00.5(/J2E0,J7/L(=0(,/(6(G5,K651(6I.70(
,7HJ2H.8(,7(/96G,7I(#+-(.$/#(R09.(6II5.I60.(N.96H,JE5(J-(6(G.5/J7(J5(09.(Q61(09.1(2.68(09.,5(2,-.L(
(
@J5(JE5(G5.9,/0J5,D(67D./0J5/3(2,-./012.(Q6/(09.(/6K.(-J5(.H.51J7.L(%9.1(622(968(09.(/6K.(KJ0,H./R0J(
/061(62,H.L("JQ.H.53(7JQ6861/3(09.5.(,/(7J(G5.8JK,760.(2,-./012.3(DE20E5.(.HJ2E0,J7(96/(G5JH,8.8(E/(Q,09(
K671(JG0,J7/3(678(,7(KJ/0(S./0.57(DE20E5./(JE5(2,-./012.(,/7F0(N6/.8(J7(/061,7I(62,H.(NE0(5609.5(-,78,7I(
Q61/(0J(/G.78(0,K.(678(9JQ(0J(I609.5(KJ5.(J-(0960L(
(
!E20E5.(.HJ2E0,J7(96/(5./E20.8(,7(6(KED9(9,I9.5(/0678658(J-(2,H,7I(NE0(60(09.(/6K.(0,K.(G5J8ED.8(095.60/(
0J(JE5(9.6209(678(/6-.01(O.LIL(N.,7I(9,0(N1(D65/T(D65/(D5.60,7I(GJ22E0,J7PL((+,-./012./3(Q9,2.(G5JH,8,7I(E/(
Q,09(9.62091(K.67/(J-(/E5H,H623(62/J(G5JH,8.(E79.62091(K.67/(J-(/E5H,H62L(4J(Q91(8J(/JK.(J-(E/(D9JJ/.(
0J(K6,706,7(E79.62091(2,-./012./U(%9,/(,/(N.D6E/.(6209JEI9(09.(DJ7/.VE.7D./(J-(E79.62091(2,-./012.(
N.96H,JE5/(96H.(JNH,JE/(7.I60,H.(!"#$#%"&'$(,KG2,D60,J7/3(09.(N.96H,JE5/(09.K/.2H./(D67(N.(6DVE,5.8(
678(K6,706,7.8(N1(NJ09(!"#$#%"&'$(678()*+&,#$#%"&'$(-6D0J5/L(
(
S.(D677J0(65IE.(0960(I.7./(0960(I,H.(5,/.(0J(E79.62091(2,-./012./(/9JE28(.H.70E6221(N.DJK.(.W0,7D0(
N.D6E/.(760E562(/.2.D0,J7(JG.560./(J7(056,0/(0960(6--.D0(09.(6N,2,01(0J(5.G5J8ED.(KJ/0(J-(Q9,D9(65.(
N,J2JI,D62(7J0(G/1D9J2JI,D62L(#/(Q.223(KJ/0(J-(09.(DJ7/.VE.7D./(J-(E79.62091(2,-./012./(O.LIL(9.650(
6006DM/3(62DJ9J2,/KP(8J(7J0(6GG.65(E70,2(G.JG2.(65.(Q.22(N.1J78(09.,5(5.G5J8ED0,H.(6I./L(
(
%9.(26Q(J-(.--.D0(O!"LXP(G261/(6(GJQ.5-E2(5J2.(,7(DE20E562(.HJ2E0,J7L(=0(/060./(0960(N.96H,JE5/(0960(G5J8ED.(
-6HJE56N2.(DJ7/.VE.7D./(0.78(0J(N.(5.G.60.8(678(09J/.(0960(G5J8ED.(E7-6HJE56N2.(DJ7/.VE.7D./(09.7(
7J0(0J(N.(5.G.60.8L(%9E/3(DE20E562(G56D0,D./(678(DE/0JK/(0960(65.(5.,7-J5D.8(0.78(0J(N.(K6,706,7.8(O.LIL(
.W.5D,/,7I3(5./0,7IPL(YE0(09.7(9JQ(8J./(09.(26Q(J-(.--.D0(6GG21(,-(E79.62091(2,-./012./(96H.(7.I60,H.(
DJ7/.VE.7D./U(%9,/(,/(N.D6E/.(K671(N.96H,JE5/(96H.(-."/0#-&"/%(&#/*.12./&.*("/(3,.(*,#-3(-2/(678(
4'5'%"/%(&#/*.12./&.*("/(3,.($#/%(-2/(O,L.L(Z&7[J1(7JQ3(/E--.5(260.5\PL(%..7/(Q9J(/KJM,7I(K61(5.D.,H.(
G91/,J2JI,D62(678(G/1D9J2JI,D62(G2.6/E5.(,7(09.(/9J50(0.5K3(NE0(JH.5(6(2J7I(G.5,J8(J-(0,K.3(09.1(Q,22(
Q,07.//(I5.60(2,-.]095.60.7,7I(.--.D0/L(
(
(
(
(
(
(
"&#+%"A(#>B(:>"&#+%"A(+=@&4%+A&4(
#(9.62091(2,-./012.(,/(J7.(0960(.7967D./(67(,78,H,8E62F/(Q.22]N.,7I(678(67(E79.62091(J7.(8,K,7,/9./(,0L(
(
• >E05,0,J7(
=7(09.(26/0()X^(1.65/3(JE5(8,.0/(96H.(D967I.(678(65.(7JQ(DJ7/,8.56N21(9,I9.5(,7(-60/(678(2JQ.5(,7(
-,N5.L(B,.0/(0JJ(9,I9(,7(/60E560.8(-60/(O67,K62(-60(678(H.I.06N2.(J,2/P(678(0JJ(2JQ(,7(-,N5.(96H.(
www.notesolution.com
N..7(2,7M.8(Q,09(/G.D,-,D(9.6209(8,/J58.5/3(/ED9(6/(0*%*,&%/'1(&%$'2+.(&.('3!456(_09.(7655JQ,7I(
J-(N2JJ8(H.//.2/(0960(/EGG21(7E05,.70/(0J(09.(9.650/R678(0&,0(%R6(K62,I7670(678(,705E/,H.(
0EKJE5(0960(8./05J1/(NJ81(J5I67/(678(0,//E.L(".650(8,/.6/./(678(/05JM./(65.(09.(2.68,7I(D6E/./(
J-(8.609(,7(8.H.2JG.8(DJE705,./L(
(
%9.(K6,7(DJKGJ7.70(J-(!"B(,/(.(%"7'01*#(.$(%*#86(D9.K,D62(0960(JDDE5/(760E562(,7(09.(
N2JJ8/05.6K3(Q9.5.(,0(/.5H./(6/(6(8.0JW,-,.5L((!9J2./0.5J2(,/(62/J(09.(/JE5D.(J-(2,G,8(K.KN567./(
678(/0.5J,8(9J5KJ7./3(09E/3(,0(,/(6(H,062(/EN/067D.L(!9J2./0.5J2(.W,/0/(,7(0QJ(K6[J5(-J5K/?("B+(
O9,I9]8.7/,01(2,GJG5J0.,7P(678(+B+(O2JQ]8.7/,01(2,GJG5J0.,7PL("B+(,/(DJ7/,8.5.8(IJJ8(D9J2./0.5J2(
N.D6E/.(9,I9(2.H.2/(65.(,7H.5/.21(G5JGJ50,J76221(0J(2JQ(!"B(Q9.5.6/(+B+(,/(DJ7/,8.5.8(N68(
N.D6E/.(,0/(9,I9(2.H.2/(65.(6//JD,60.8(Q,09(-J5K60,J7/(J-(609.5J/D2.5J0,D(G26VE./3(Q9,D9(D2JI(
650.5,./L(
(
!E20E5./(96H,7I(09.(9,I9./0(8.609(560./(8E.(0J(N5.6/0(D67D.5(65.(09J/.(Q9J/.(D,0,`.7/(DJ7/EK.(
5.260,H.21(265I.(6KJE70/(J-(-60/(O@,IL()*L)PL(
(
>E05,0,J7(G261/(67(,KGJ50670(5J2.(,7(IJJ8(9.6209(678(,/(G,HJ062(0J(6(9.62091(2,-./012.L(@J5(.W6KG2.3(
Q.(D67(8.D5.6/.(JE5(5,/M(-J5(NJ09(!"B(678(D67D.5(N1(&,##*"/%(0J(.60(-JJ8/(0960(65.(7J0(J721(2JQ(
,7(-60(NE0(62/J(9,I9(,7(-,N5.(OQ9,D9(9.2G/(5.8ED.(+B+(2.H.2/PL(4..(@,IL()*La(-J5(.W6KG2./L(
(
%9.5.(65.(62/J(K671(-JJ8/(0960(65.(9,I9(,7(-60(678(2JQ(,7(-,N5.L(%9.1(K61(8.2,I90(09.(G6260.(,7(
09.(/9J50(0.5K3(NE0(JH.5(09.(2J7I(5E73(09.1(D67(5./E20(,7(KJ5.(/.5,JE/(DJ7/.VE.7D./L(4J(Q91(8J(
Q.(G5.-.5(09./.(9,I9]-60(-JJ8/(678(/Q..0/U(=7(09.(G6/03(09J/.(Q9J(-6D.8(/065H60,J7(QJE28(N.(
N./0(/.5H.8(N1(.60,7I(-60L(=7(688,0,J73(/Q..0(06/0./(E/E6221(,78,D60.(0960(09.(-JJ8(,/(/6-.3(7J0(
GJ,/J7JE/L(%9.5.-J5.3(09.(G5.-.5.7D.(-J5(9,I9]-603(/Q..0(-JJ8/(Q.5.(686G0,H.(678(96H.(N..7(
G6//.8(I.7.0,D6221(62J7I(0J(E/L(
(
• $91/,D62(@,07.//(
bJ/0(G.JG2.(0J861(2.68(KJ5.(/.8.70651(2,H./L(#(26DM(J-(.W.5D,/.(,/(DJ55.260.8(Q,09(,7D5.6/.8(5,/M(
J-(!"BL($.JG2.(Q9J(.W.5D,/.(5.IE26521(6GG.65(0J(6DDEKE260.(2.//(NJ81(-60(678(0J(N.(2.//(
HE27.56N2.(0J(09.(7.I60,H.(.--.D0/(J-(/05.//L('.68(09.(.WG.5,K.70/L(
(
Y.D6E/.(5.IE265(.W.5D,/.(5.8ED./(9,I9(N2JJ8(G5.//E5.3(,7D5.6/./(2E7I(D6G6D,01(678(8.D5.6/./(09.(
560,J(J-(+B+(0J("B+3(,0(/EII./0/(0960(5.IE265(.W.5D,/.(.7I.78.5/(IJJ8(9.6209L('.D.70(5./.65D9(
,78,D60./(0960(G5J2J7I.8(.W.5D,/.(6D0,H60./(8JG6K,7.3(67(.78J5G9,7(0960(9.2G/(5.8ED.(7.I60,H.(
.KJ0,J7/(678(G5JKJ0.(GJ/,0,H.(J7./L(
(
9(%*:+0'(;(%0+.(.(65.(09J/.(0960(.WG.78(DJ7/,8.56N2.(.7.5I13(,7D5.6/.(N2JJ8(-2JQ(678(
5./G,560,J73(678(09.5.N1(/0,KE260.(678(/05.7I09.7(09.(9.650(678(2E7I/(678(,7D5.6/.(09.(NJ81F/(
.--,D,.7D1(,7(E/,7I(JW1I.7L(%9./.(.W.5D,/./(,7D5.6/.(D658,JH6/DE265(9.6209L(#(/0E81(N1(!JJG.5(
O)cdXP(/EII./0.8(0960(5E77,7I(60(2.6/0(X(MK(,7(2.//(0967(a^(K,7E0./(e(0,K./(6(Q..M(968(09,/(
N.7.-,0L(#7J09.5(/0E81(N1(fEN,0`(g(+678.5/(O)cchP(/9JQ.8(0960(6.5JN,D(.W.5D,/.(5.8ED.8(9.650(
560.(678(K.062(/05.//L('.68(.WG.5,K.70L(40E8.70/(Q9J(G650,D,G60.8(,7(09.(6.5JN,D(.W.5D,/.(
G5JI56K(/9JQ.8(2JQ.5(6N/J2E0.(9.650(560./(,7(5./GJ7/.(0J(09J/.(Q9J(8,87F0L(%9,/(5./.65D9(62/J(
-JE78(0960(/0E8.70(Q,09(2JQ.5(2.H.2/(J-(G91/,D62(6D0,H,01(5.GJ50.8(9,I9.5(2.H.2/(J-(-60,IE.(678(
0.7/,J7L(
(
• !,I65.00.(4KJM,7I(
www.notesolution.com
".6209(!67686(./0,K60.8(0960(6NJE0(ei(^^^(G5.K60E5.(8.609/(,7(a^^^(QJE28(N.(5.260.8(0J(
0JN6DDJ(E/.(Oa^^)PL($.JG2.(Q9J(E/.(0JN6DDJ(62/J(-6D.(,7D5.6/.8(5,/M/(J-(N5J7D9,0,/3(.KG91/.K63(
678(/05JM./L((%9.(/.H.5,01(J-(09./.(5,/M/(,/(8,5.D021(5.260.8(0J(09.(6KJE70(J-(D65NJ7(KJ7JW,8.(
678(065/(DJ706,7.8(,7(D,I65.00.(/KJM.L(>J7]/KJM.5/(/965.(09.(9.6209(5,/M.8(J-(D,I65.00.(/KJM,7I(
095JEI9()'**"6.(*5#7"/%(O/.DJ78]9678(/KJM.PL($6//,H.(/KJM,7I(,/(5.260.8(0J(DJ5J7651(9.650(
8,/.6/.3(0J(67(,7D5.6/.8(5,/M(J-(N56,7(9.KJ5596I.(678(0J(76/62(678(/,7E/(D67D.5L(!9,285.7(65.(
H.51(/E/D.G0,N2.(0J(09.(.--.D0/(J-(/.DJ78]9678(/KJM.L(=7(688,0,J7(0J(09.(5,/M/(J-(D67D.5(678(
9.650(8,/.6/.3(D9,285.7(J-(G6//,H.(/KJM,7I(65.(KJ5.(2,M.21(0J(8.H.2JG(K,882.].65(8,/.6/.3(2JQ.5(
5./G,560J51(056D0(,7-.D0,J7/3(678(67(,7D5.6/.(,7(/.7/,0,H,01(0J(622.5I,./L($.0/(65.(62/J(60(5,/M(-5JK(
G6//,H.(/KJM,7IL(O!9.DM(JE0(%6N2.()*L)(-J5(-E7PL(
(
S91(8J(G.JG2.R./G.D,6221(68J2./D.70/RN.I,7(/KJM,7IU(<7.(5.6/J7/(,/(G..5(G5.//E5.(67J09.5(
,/(0..7/(Q9J(96H.(-6HJE56N2.(,KG5.//,J7/(J-(6(/KJM.53(,/(KJ5.(2,M.21(0J(,K,060.(6(/KJM.5F/(
6D0,J7/3(,7D2E8,7I(/KJM,7IL(%9J/.(Q9J(96H.(/KJM.5(N./0(-5,.78/(678(/05J7I(5.260,J7/9,G/(Q,09(
G65.70/(65.(2,M.21(0J(/KJM.L(#/(Q.223(D,I65.00.(K67E-6D0E5.5/(GJ50561(/KJM,7I(6/(6(I26KJ5JE/3(
K60E5.3(,78.G.78.703(678(/JK.0,K./(5.N.22,JE/(N.96H,JE5L(Y,22NJ658/(678(K6I6`,7.(
68H.50,/.K.70/(I.7.56221(GJ50561(D,I65.00.(/KJM.5/(6/(1JE7I3(9.620913(60056D0,H.3(678(.WD,0,7I(
G.JG2.L(4JK.(5./.65D9.5/(-JE78(6(/05J7I(GJ/,0,H.(5.260,J7/9,G(N.0Q..7(6KJE70(J-(.WGJ/E5.(0J(
D,I65.00.(68H.50,/,7I(678(/KJM,7I(6KJ7I(68J2./D.70/(,7(09.(:4L(
(
=7(!676863(09.(.--.D0(,/(7J0(6/(I5.60(6/(,7(09.(:4(N.D6E/.(D,I65.00.(68H.50,/,7I(96/(N..7(N677.8(
-5JK(622(G26D./(.WD.G0(,7(G26D./(Q9.5.(1JE7I(G.JG2.(65.(7J0(G.5K,00.8(N1(26Q(678(6(2.I,/260,J7(
,73(a^^)3(5.VE,5.8(0960(962-(J-(09.(8,/G261(/,8./(J-(622(D,I65.00.(G6DM/(/9JQ(G,D0J5,62(678(Q5,00.7(
Q657,7I/(6NJE0(09.(K671(96`658/(J-(/KJM,7I(g(DJ706,7(,7-J5K60,J7(6NJE0(9JQ(0J(VE,0(/KJM,7IL(
(
!,I65.00.(/KJM,7I(,/(688,D0,H.L(%9E/3(6(G.5/J7F/(7.5HJE/(/1/0.K(K61(96H.(8.H.2JG.8(6(0J2.567D.(
O09.(D.70562(7.5HJE/(/1/0.K(5./GJ78/(2.//(678(2.//(0J(09.(85EIP(0J(09.(85EI(678(0960(09.(G.5/J7(
96/(N.DJK.(G91/,D6221(8.G.78.70(J7(09.(85EI(O09.(D.70562(7.5HJE/(/1/0.K(5.VE,5./(09.(
G5./.7D.(J-(09.(85EI(0J(-E7D0,J7(7J5K6221PL(S,09JE0(09.(85EI3(09.(,78,H,8E62(Q,22(-6D.(8"3,4-'8'$(
*+5)3#5*L(#/(Q.223(85EI/(G5J8ED.()*+&,#$#%"&'$(4.)./4./&.3(6(D56H,7I(0J(E/.(09.(85EI(-J5(,0/(
G2.6/E56N2.(.--.D0/(678(N.DJK.(-JD62(GJ,70/(J-(2,-.L(#7J09.5(Q61(J-(8./D5,N,7I(G/1D9J2JI,D62(
8.G.78.7D.(,/(0J(/61(0960(,0(,7HJ2H./(N.96H,JE5(0960(,/(6DVE,5.8(678(K6,706,7.8(095JEI9(GJ/,0,H.(
5.,7-J5D.K.70(678(,0(/05.7I09.7/(678(K6,706,7/(09.(N.96H,JE5(0960(DJ7/0,0E0./(/..M,7I3(
6DVE,5,7I(678(E/,7I(09.(85EI/L(
(
%9.(/0,KE260,J7(J-(7,DJ0,7.(G5J8ED./(0.KGJ5651(,7D5.6/./(678(9.650(560.(678(N2JJ8(G5.//E5.3(
8.D5.6/./(,7(NJ81(0.KG.560E5.(678(D967I./(,7(9J5KJ7./(5.2.6/.8(N1(09.(G,0E,0651(I26783(678(
09.(5.2.6/.(J-(685.762,7(-5JK(09.(685.762(I2678/L(!,I65.00.(/KJM,7I(62/J(K61(N.(K6,706,7.8(N1(
/.%'3"6.(-."/0#-&.5./3L($.JG2.(Q9J(051(0J(VE,0(/KJM,7I(E/E6221(/E--.5(-5JK(Q,09856Q62(
/1KG0JK/3(,7D2E8,7I(9.686D9./3(,7/JK7,63(67W,.013(678(,55,06N,2,01L(%9./.(/1KG0JK/(65.(5.2,.H.8(
N1(/KJM,7I(67J09.5(D,I65.00.(678(/ED9(7.I60,H.(5.,7-J5D.K.70(/..K/(0J(N.(H.51(GJQ.5-E2L(
(
'.68(J7(G6I.(Xha(0J(XhhL(%9.(NJJM([E/(.26NJ560./(J7(09.(/6K.(GJ,70(678(,/(H.51(N68(60(
/EKK65,`,7I(09.(GJ,70/(,0(Q670/(0J(I.0(095JEI9L(
(
• B5,7M,7I(#2DJ9J2,D(Y.H.56I./(
#2DJ9J2(96/(N..7(E/.8(-J5(09JE/678/(J-(1.65/(-J5(,0/(.EG9J5,6],78ED,7I(G5JG.50,./(678(,/(Q,8.21(
6NE/.8(0J861L(9#0*1*#+.7(,/(67(688,D0,J7(0J(.0967J23(09.(G/1D9J6D0,H.(6I.70(O/EN/067D.(0960(
www.notesolution.com
52
PSYA02H3 Full Course Notes
Verified Note
52 documents
Document Summary
,- -#$ 0 -%0%$% /," 1,$ #,$/#&-,"-$%% ,$%& $%$%-%"$ " 7",$ "-1"",%8-%,-%"$ " . " ,:2/ $$/3#- # %,- -#$ 0 -%$"$"sh-#"$/#&-,. -#%/ $$%/#$%# %1&"$ "$%&/0$ $"$ " (#9$/ ! #$ / $,9,/%/ $,3"#-%1// 0%/#& $%&$ 1 $% ; &$ ," 0 0$,&$$%&-,- 0$ 01/#%3- &
