Chapter 14 for PSYB65

CHAPTER 14: HUMAN BRAIN DAMAGE MODULE 14.1 CAUSES OF BRAIN DMG -> TUMOURS -> CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS -> HEAD INJURIES -> INFECTIONS -> NEUROTOXINS MODIEL 14.2 NEURLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES -> THE EPILEPSIES -> MS AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERALIZING SCLEROSIS -> SCHIZOPHRENIA p431 when brain suffers signif dmg, cannot restore it back to its original healthy state regardless of amt of effort put in recovery concerned w/ how to make up for it, not how to recover lost fcn restore lost fcn DOES THIS MEAN REHABILITATION IS NOT EFFICIENT? rehabilitation is still impt in recovery from brain dmg, but this does not restore one to prev state ex. Req. Learning new ways to do prev. Learned tasks MODULE 14.1 CAUSES OF BRAIN DAMAGE -> TUMOURS [D] TUMOURS = mass of new & abnormal tissue aka neoplasm not physiol. Beneficial to surr. Tissues some described as [D] SPACE-OCCUPYING LESIONS => foreign obj's that cause dmg to CNS by putting P on it taking up space that is normally taken up by naturally occurring CNS pts >- this characterizes some types of tumours => not completely inclusive [2] TUMOURS vary from each other wrt type of cell that originates it how rapidly it grows does it [D]INFILTRATE & destroy surr. Neural tissue, or does it remain relatively [D] ENCAPSULATED likelihood of it coming back if removed [D] BENIGN TUMOURS not likely to come back [D] MALIGN TUMOURS poor prognosis than BENIGN more likely to come back than BENIGN -> TUMOURS ARISING FROM GLIA CELLS [D] GLIOMA => tumours originating from glia cells most common type of tumours in brain 2 MAIN GLIOMA TYPES 1. [D] ASTROCYTOMAS originate from growth of astrocytes tend to not rapidly grow rarely malignant variation some relatively well encapsulated => dmg they cause tends to come from compression of surr. Tissue some intrude into surr. Neural tissue PROGNOSIS FOR INDIVIDUALS explaining how patterns of behavr impairments can be explained w/ regard to disruption of dmged neural consistutents aka cognitive neuropsychology aka cognitive neuroscienWHO HAD SURGICAL REMOVAL OF ASTROCYTOMA prognosis |prgnss| noun ( pl. Prognoses |-siz| ) the likely course of a medical condition: the disease has a poor prognosis. an opinion, based on medical experience, of the likely course of a medical condition: it is very difficult to make an accurate prognosis. a forecast of the likely outcome of a situation: gloomy prognoses about overpopulation. gen. Good given that tumour began to grow in loc that is surgically accessible even the slow-growing, benign tumours will become v.dangerous if they stretch into surgically inaccessible areas. chemotherapy is alternative when surgical treatment not practical 2. [D] GLIOBLASTOMA rapidly grow highly malignant tend to intrude into surr. Tissues this makes them harder to take them out surgically, w/out having to also remove relatively healthy surr. Neural tissue b/c of this issue, often times chemotherapy used to deal w/ them 3. [D] MEDULLOBLASTOMA aka primitive neuroectodermal tumour 2-6% of all gliomas => much less common type (rare) highly malignant tends to intrude into surr. Tissues tend to form around cerebellum & brainstem aerly in life b/c they are invading regions that are impt for supporting fcns to keep alive (ex. Breathing), prognosis for individuals who have this typically is poor. most common treatment option (taking into acc't loc & nature of tumour) = chemotherapy -> TUMOURS ARISING FROM MENINGES [D] MENINGIOMIAS encapsulated tumours that grow out of, but still remain attached to, meninges most grow out of DURA MATER form an ovoid shape tend to be reasonably well encapsulated, b/c they grow out of tissues (meanis) external to CNS harmful effects ot these come from P applied at area of tumour, and also sites farthere awya from it most types benign, some malignant b/c of their encapsulated nature loc. On brain surface ... surgery is typically the BEST TREATMENT. if in loc that is surgically inaccessible, then either a) CHEMOTHERPAY or b) RADIOTHERAPY .. used instead radiotherapy |red()rpi| noun [ mass noun ] the treatment of disease, especially cancer, using X-rays or similar forms of radiation. p433 -> METASTIC TUMOURS [D] METASTIC TUMOURS aka metastases 2ry tumours that arise from migrated tumour tissue 1ry tumour site can be situated in pts of body, ex. lungs breasts uterus kidneys though 1ry can be CNS, more common for it to be outside CNS two main types: 1. [D] SIMPLE METASTATIC TUMOURS involves only one tumour at a site (rare) effective forms of treatment: