PHY100H1 Chapter : Classical Mechanics 2

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ceruleancattle699

25 Jun 2011

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Chaos is a state of a system in which the initial conditions strongly influence the routes followed by other objects in the system. The successful application of newton"s laws in determining the motion of the planets in the solar system led pierre simon de laplace (1749-1827) to conclude that the universe behaves in a deterministic manner. If we knew the masses of, forces on, and initial positions and velocities of every object, then we could predict their future trajectories or paths exactly. Although this is true in many situations, it is not always possible. Henri poincare (1854-1912) calculated the evolution of three bodies interacting via. Newton"s law of gravitation and found that some configurations were highly unstable. It was possible under certain conditions for one of the objects to be ejected from the system. Poincare discovered an example of what is now called chaos.

Related Questions

Learning Goal: Understand how to determine the constants in thegeneral equation for simple harmonic motion, in terms of giveninitial conditions.
A common problem in physics is to match the particular initialconditions - generally given as an initial position x_0 andvelocity v_) at t=0 - once you have obtained the general solution.You have dealt with this problem in kinematics, where theformula

1. x(t) = x_0 + v_0t + at^2

has two arbitrary constants (technically constants of integrationthat arise when finding the position given that the acceleration isa constant). The constants in this case are the initial positionand velocity, so "fitting" the general solution to the initialconditions is very simple.

For simple harmonic motion, it is more difficult to fit the initialconditions, which we take to be

x_0, the position of the oscillator at t = 0, and
v_0, the velocity of the oscillator at t = 0.

There are two common forms for the general solution for theposition of a harmonic oscillator as a function of time t:

2. x(t) = A\cos(omega t + phi) and
3. x(t) = C\cos(omega t) + S\sin(omega t),

where A, phi, C, and S are constants, omega is the oscillationfrequency, and t is time.

Although both expressions have two arbitrary constants--parametersthat can be adjusted to fit the solution to the initialconditions--Equation 3 is much easier to use to accommodate x_0 andv_0. (Equation 2 would be appropriate if the initial conditionswere specified as the total energy and the time of the first zerocrossing, for example.)

Find C and S in terms of the initial position and velocity of theoscillator.
Give your answers in terms of x_0, v_0, and omega. Separate youranswers with a comma.

A golf ball is launched with the initial conditions shown in the figure. Determine the two times the radius of curvature of the trajectory has a value of .