PSYA01H3 – Chapter Seven Notes
Learning and Behaviour
Learning: an adaptive process in which the tendency to perform a particular behaviour is
changed by experience
Performance: the behavioural change produced by the internal changes brought about by
learning
Habituation
Orienting response: any response by which an organism directs appropriate sensory
organs (eyes, ears, nose) toward the source of a novel stimulus
Habituation: the simplest form of learning; learning not to respond to an unimportant
event that occurs repeatedly
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Serendipitous Discovery
Classical conditioning: the process by which a response normally elicited by one
stimulus (the unconditional stimulus or UCS) comes to be controlled by another stimulus
(the conditional stimulus or CS) as well
Unconditional stimulus (UCS): a stimulus, such as food, that naturally elicits a reflexive
response, such as salvation
Unconditional response (UCR): a response, such as salvation, that is naturally elicited
by the UCS
Conditional stimulus (CS): a stimulus that, because of its repeated association with the
UCS, eventually elicits a conditional response (CR)
Conditional response: a response elicited by the CS
The Biological Significance of Classical Conditioning
Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning
Acquisition: the timing during which a CR first appears and increases in frequency
Extinction: the elimination of a response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented
without being followed by the UCS
Spontaneous recovery: after an interval of time, the reappearance of a response that had
previously been extinguished
Generalization: CRs elicited by stimuli that resemble the CS used in training
Discrimination: the appearance of a CR when one stimulus is presented (the CS+) but
not another (the CS)
Conditional Emotional Responses
Phobias: unreasonable fear of specific objects or situations, such as insects, animals or enclosed spaces, learned through classical conditioning
What Is Learned in Classical Conditioning
Blocking: the prevention of or attenuation in learning that occurs to a neutral CS when it
is conditioned in the presence of a previously conditioned stimulus
Inhibitory conditional response: a response tendency conditioned to a signal that
predicts the absence of the UCS; generally not observed directly but assessed though
other tests
Excitatory conditional response: a response tendency conditioned to a signal that the
UCS is about to occur. This is the type of CR exemplified by Pavlov’s salvation response
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning: a form of learning in which behaviour is affected by its
consequences. Favourable consequences strengthen the behaviour and unfavourable
consequences weaken the behaviour
The Law of Effect
Law of effect: Thorndike’s idea that the consequences of a behaviour determine whether
it is likely to be repeated
Skinner and Operant Behaviour
Operant chamber: an apparatus in which an animal’s behaviour can be easily observed,
manipulated, and automatically recorded
Cumulative recorder: a mechanical device connected to an operant chamber for the
purpose of recording operant responses as they occur in time
The ThreeTerm Contingency
Discriminative stimulus: the stimulus that sets the occasion for responding because, in
the past, a behaviour has produced certain consequences in the presence of that stimulus
Threeterm contingency: the relation among discr
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