SOC100H1 Chapter Notes - Chapter 6,12: Erik Erikson, Labeling Theory, Psychoanalysis
Chapter 12
Terms
credentialism: A bias in favour of documented skills and qualifications (e.g. an
academic degree) as a reflection of ability (p. 401)
cultural capital: A body of knowledge and interpersonal skills that helps people to get
ahead socially, often by learning about and participating in high culture. (p. 398)
education: A process designed to develop—literally “bring out”—one’s general capacity
for thinking critically, as well as a capacity for self-understanding and self-reliance. (p.
395)
formal education: Education received in accredited schools during formal teaching
sessions. (p. 396)
hidden curriculum: Lessons that are not considered part of the academic curriculum that
schools unintentionally, or secondarily, teach to students (p. 396)
meritocracy: Any system of rule or advancement where the rewards are strictly
proportioned to the accomplishment, and where all people have the same opportunity to
win these rewards. (p. 401)
socialization: The lifelong social learning a person undergoes to become a capable
member of society, through social interaction with others and in response to social
pressures. (p. 395)
training: A process designed to identify and practice specific routines that achieve
desired results. (p. 395)
Key Concepts
1. Education: A process designed to develop (“bring out”) one’s general capacity for
thinking critically, as well as a capacity for self-understanding and self-reliance
Formal education: Education received in accredited schools during formal teaching
sessions
Training: Process designed to identify and practice specific routines that achieve desired
results
Socialization: The lifelong social learning a person undergoes to become a capable
member of society, through social interaction with others and in response to social
pressures.
Types of Education
oPublic
oPrivate
oFaith-based
oSame-sex
oHome schooling
2. Social Functions of Formal education
Develops knowledge and skills:
oSubject-based knowledge of concepts and principles
oSocietal values such as tolerance and leadership
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oSkills needed in the workplace
Provides primary socialization:
oTeaches individuals to communicate, interact, and work as a team
Creates opportunities:
oOne of the most valuable means of gaining a healthy, comfortable life with
greater possibilities for upward social and economic mobility
oProvides a social network and opportunities for finding a partner
Hidden curriculum
oLessons delivered through formal education that are not part of the official
academic curriculum, e.g. obedience, submission to authority, punctuality, how to
dress and behave
oRepresents formal education’s latent (i.e., hidden, unintended) function as
opposed to its manifest (i.e., intended, explicit) function (Merton)
Self-actualization: The process of helping individuals attain and use all of the resources
they will need to realize their personal potential (Maslow)
Ability grouping: Minimizing or controlling variation between students of different
academic ability by segregating them into different tracks or streams
The academic revolution: The transformation of the higher education system from
small, localized units to a single national system with specialized curriculums, a heavy
research agenda, and an all-PhD faculty (Jencks and Riesman)
oPromotes meritocracy—a system of rule or advancement where rewards are
strictly pro-portioned to the accomplishment
Credentialism: Bias in favour of documented skills and qualifications as a reflection of
ability
oHas increased competition between universities and strengthened the link between
educational and class positions
oCultural capital: Body of knowledge and interpersonal skills that helps people
get ahead socially
3. Problems and challenges
Costs and funding: Schools are underfunded, and families are increasingly required to
cover rising costs of tuition fees, school supplies, textbooks, and technology
Education and inequality: Unequal access to educational opportunities
oSocioeconomic status—people from wealthier, more educated families are more
likely to have the emotional, financial, and material resources required to
complete a higher education degree
oGender—school systems socialize boys and girls differently, influencing how and
what they learn, as well as their interests, roles, and responsibilities
oEthnicity and race—the “achievement gap” means minorities and less advantaged
groups face obstacles to educational and occupational advancement
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SOC100H1 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
Key concepts: education: a process designed to develop ( bring out ) one"s general capacity for thinking critically, as well as a capacity for self-understanding and self-reliance. Formal education: education received in accredited schools during formal teaching sessions. Training: process designed to identify and practice specific routines that achieve desired results. Socialization: the lifelong social learning a person undergoes to become a capable member of society, through social interaction with others and in response to social pressures. Types of education: public, private, faith-based, same-sex, home schooling, social functions of formal education. Develops knowledge and skills: subject-based knowledge of concepts and principles, societal values such as tolerance and leadership, skills needed in the workplace. Provides primary socialization: teaches individuals to communicate, interact, and work as a team. Creates opportunities: one of the most valuable means of gaining a healthy, comfortable life with greater possibilities for upward social and economic mobility, provides a social network and opportunities for finding a partner.
