WDW151H1 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Brookings Institution, Gang, Mandatory Sentencing
12 May 2018
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Refer to groups or persons not covered by traditional social security system
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Being shut out from any social, economic, political, cultural systems that determine social integration
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Multi-dimensionality - connected in some areas, excluded in others
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In countries lacking wealth, citizens may feel deprived
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Defining Social Exclusion
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Anyone for whom the street has become a habitual abode and who isn't cared for or supervised by a responsible adult
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More likely to engage in crime
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Engaged because of current adverse situation, not because of their home/background
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Squeegee kids lived better and were less likely to commit crimes because they had an income
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More troubled background = more crime and worse nature
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Homeless youth are more vulnerable to exploitation
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Homeless Youth
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Group of recurrently associated individuals with identifiable leadership claiming control over territory and engaging in forms of illegal behaviour
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Economic disenfranchisement and social disorganization
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Modernization of gangs - better weapons
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Minorities, disadvantaged
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Factors for participating: power and respect, money, protection, social support
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Youth Gangs
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Discriminatory treatment and economic / social inequality
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Overrepresented in prison populations
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Improve conditions of community to lower rates
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Aboriginal People in Canada
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Motivated by antagonisms towards race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion
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Legislation trying to protect against socially excluded groups
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Culture of hate --> targeting people not part of the ingroup
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Hate Crime
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Domestic violence: any act or omission done that is perceived as psychological, socially, economically or physically harmful
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May not leave because fear and uncertainty or economic exclusion
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'learned helplessness' - passive state, can't fight back
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Change in legislation to broaden definition of sexual assault
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Violence Against Women
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O’Grady, Crime in the Canadian Context, “Chapter 6: Crime and Social Exclusion,” 142-173.
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More population in prison than any other nation
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Rising crime rates in 1970's and 1980's
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Believed that rehabilitation doesn't work
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1975-2002 mandatory sentencing laws, minimum sentences
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More distant rich become from poor the harsher sentences become
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Eduardo Porter, “In the US, Punishment Comes Before the Crimes,” New York Times April 29, 2014. (Can be accessed online)
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Crime rates have been declining
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Low income individuals are more likely to break the law
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Most under 30
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Youths most likely to engage in riskier types of crimes
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Federal / state policies have increased incarceration rates
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70% chance black man without a high school education will be jailed before the age of 30
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Per capita expenditures have increased over 3 times over 30 years
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Young black kids most likely to have a jailed father before they grow up
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Juvenile record has a lasting impact on youth's futures
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Melissa S. Kearney and Benjamin H. Harris, “The Hamilton Project: Ten Economic Facts about Crime and Incarceration in the US”(May 2014). Available at:
http://www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/ten_economic_facts_about_crime_and_incarceration_in_the_united_states/
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9: Coping with Crime II
November 9, 2016
10:17 PM
READINGS Page 1
Document Summary
O"grady, crime in the canadian context, chapter 6: crime and social exclusion, 142-173. Refer to groups or persons not covered by traditional social security system. Being shut out from any social, economic, political, cultural systems that determine social integration. Multi-dimensionality - connected in some areas, excluded in others. In countries lacking wealth, citizens may feel deprived. Anyone for whom the street has become a habitual abode and who isn"t cared for or supervised by a responsible adult. Engaged because of current adverse situation, not because of their home/background. Squeegee kids lived better and were less likely to commit crimes because they had an income. More troubled background = more crime and worse nature. Group of recurrently associated individuals with identifiable leadership claiming control over territory and engaging in forms of illegal behaviour. Factors for participating: power and respect, money, protection, social support. Motivated by antagonisms towards race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion. Legislation trying to protect against socially excluded groups.
