Anatomy and Cell Biology 3319 Chapter 15: reading 15 autonomic nervous system (463-474)

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orangeant231

24 Jan 2019

School

Western University

Department

Anatomy and Cell Biology

Course

Anatomy and Cell Biology 3319

Professor

Michele Barbeau

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OVERVIEW OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

ANS is system of motor neurons that innervate the smooth muscle, cardiac

muscle, and glands of the body

regulates visceral functions like HR, BP, digestion, urination

ANS is the general visceral motor division of the peripheral nervous system

general visceral sensory system monitors the activities of the visceral organs so

that the autonomic motor neurons can make adjustments as needed to ensure

optimal performance of visceral functions

Comparison of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems

somatic motor system innervates skeletal muscles

each somatic motor neuron runs from the CNS all the way to the muscle being

innervated

each motor unit consists of a single neuron plus the skeletal muscle cells

that it innervates

○

typical somatic motor axons are thick, heavily myelinated fibers that conduct

nerve impulses rapidly

motor unit in the ANS includes a chain of 2 motor neurons

preganglionic neuron: cell body lies iwthin the CNS

○

preganglionic axon/fiber: synapses with postganglionic neuron in a

peripheral autonomic ganglion

○

postganglionic axon/fiber: extends to the visceral organs

○

preganglionic neuron signals the postganglionic neuron which stimulates

muscle contraction or gland secretion in the effector organ

○

preganglionic axons are thin, lightly myelinated fibers

○

postganglionic axons are even thinner and unmyelinated

○

impulses are conducted through the ANS more slowly than the somatic motor

system

autonomic ganglia are motor ganglia containing the cell bodies of motor neurons

Divisions of the ANS

2 divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic

both divisions have chains of 2 motor neurons that mostly innervate the same

visceral organs

sympathetic division mobilizes the body during extreme situations such as fear,

exercise, or rage

parasympathetic division enables body to unwind and relax and works to

conserve body energy

sympathetic division: responsible for fight or flight

reading 15: autonomic nervous system (463-474)

Monday, November 5, 2018

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474)

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sympathetic division: responsible for fight or flight

high HR, dilated pupils, cold/sweaty skin

○

bronchioles dilate, increasing uptake of O2

○

liver releases more sugar

○

nonessential functions (digestion/motility of uniary tract) are inhibited

○

input to blood vessels servicing skeletal muscles rises, causing smooth

muscle of the vessels to relax so the vessels dilate, bringing more blood to

the active muscles

○

input to the smooth muscle in other blood vessels stimulates contracting,

producing vasoconstriction, forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood

○

causes BP to rise

○

parasympathetic division: more active when the body is at rest

HR and respiratory levels are low and GI tract is digesting food

○

pupils are constricted

○

autonomic neuropathy: damage to eh autonomic nerves, which may occur as a

complication of diabetes

inability to control HR, BP, and blood sugar levels

○

digestion and respiratory functions, urination, sexual response and vision

are affected

○

may go untreated because its symptoms are widespread and commonly

associated with other conditions

○

detected via non-invasive heart rate variability test

○

sympathetic division

parasympathetic division

thoracolumbar division because fibers

emerge from thoracic and superior lumbar

parts of spinal cord

long postganglionic fibers

ganglia lie near the spinal cord and vertebral

column and postganglionic fibers extend from

these ganglia and travel to their target organs

fibers branch profusely allowing each

sympathetic neuron to influence a number of

different visceral organs, enabling many

organs to mobilize simultaneously during

fight or flight response

most postganglionic axons release

norepinephrine (adrenergic fibers)

craniosacral division

because fibers emerge from

the brain (cranial part) and

the sacral spinal cord (sacral

part)

short postganglionic fibers

ganglie lie far from the CNS,

in or near the organs

innervated (quite short)

fibers dont branch

effects are localized and

discrete

postganglionic

neurotransmitter is

acetylcholine (cholinergic

fibers)

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Document Summary

Ans is system of motor neurons that innervate the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of the body regulates visceral functions like hr, bp, digestion, urination. Cranial outflow preganglionic fibers run in oculomotor (iii), facial (vii), glossopharyngeal (ix), and vagus (x) nerves cell bodies are located in the motor cranial nerve nuclei in the gray matter of the brain stem. Oculomotor nerve (iii) parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve innervate smooth muscles in the eye to bulge, allowing focusing on close objects in the field of vision. 2 neuron pathway preganglionic axons in the oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain postganglionic cell bodies lie in cillary ganglion, in the posterior part of the orbit lateral to the optic nerve. Gray rami contain only the postganglionic fibers headed for peripheral structures these fibers are unmyelinated occur on all the sympathetic trunk ganglia because sweat glands, arrector pili, and blood vessels must be innervated in all body segments.

Related Questions

1) Interpretation of emotion isgoverned by the ___, and expression of emotion is governed by the___.

a. hippocampus, limbic system

b. limbic system, prefrontalcortex

c. hypothalamus,hippocampus

d. prefrontal cortex,amygdala

2) When a neurotransmitter opensa chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter thepostsynaptic cell and depolarize it, the result is an:

A: EPSP

B: IPSP

3) The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary controlover skeletal muscles is the ____ division.

a. autonomic motor

b. somatic sensory

c. somatic motor

d. visceral sensory

4) The cranial nerve responsible for movement ofthe medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferioroblique muscles is the __________ nerve.

a. oculomotor

b. trochlear

c. abducens

d. trigeminal

5) The superior colliculi helpyou respond to:

a. somatic stimuli, for example,when you swat at a bug that has landed on your arm

b. visual stimuli, for example,when you turn toward a bright flash of light

c. internal stimuli from yourviscera, for example, when you feel abdominal pain

d. auditory stimuli, for example,when you turn toward a loud bang

6) Glial cells differ from neurons in thatthey:

a. transmit nerve impulses muchmore slowly

b. are found only in thePNS

c. are smaller and capable of mitosis

d. are larger and capable of mitosis

7) Association areas:

a. correlate similar functions from the same lobes on theopposite side of the brain

b. integrate new sensory inputs with memories of pastexperiences

c. correlate similar functions from different lobes on the sameside of the brain

d. correlate information from opposite sides of the brain

8) This is the site of protein synthesis in a neuron

a. Mitochondria

b. Nucleus

c. Nissl body

d. Golgi body

please please help me....... T_T

ivorygoldfish181

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyerâs patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the bodyâs assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the bodyâs metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroidâs two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: â¢ Breathing â¢ Heart rate â¢ Central and peripheral nervous systems â¢ Body weight â¢ Muscle strength â¢ Menstrual cycles â¢ Body temperature â¢ Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

rubymule151

1. The autonomicnervous system consists of a _________ neuron chain that branchesinto the periphery. <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns ="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

2. There are twodivisions of the ANS, the parasympathetic and the sympathetic. Theparasympathetic division __________ body energy requirements and ismost active during________________. The sympathetic divisiongenerally enables the body to use stored energy and is activeduring ______________.

3. Compared to thesomatic nervous system, the first neuron in the ANS is ___________myelinated. The second order neuron is generally un____________.

4. The second orderneuron in the chain that innervates the adrenal glands is reallythe release of NE and Epi into the ____________________.

5. The __________nerve is the parasympathetic branch that innervates the heart aswell as a majority of other visceral organs.

6. The first orderneuron in the ANS chain almost always releases ________________into the synapse. The NTs released from the second order neurons ofthe sympathetic division are usually ________________ and___________________, while the second order neuron of the PNSusually releases _____________________.

7. Theparasympathetic division is sometimes called the _______________division because of the location from which the nerves arise.

8. The sympatheticdivision is sometimes called the _______________ division becauseof the location from which the nerves arise.

9. Which nervecarries about 90% of all parasympathetic traffic?

10. Most tissues/organs arecontinuously innervated by the ANS, that is, they have ____________tone.

11. The ANS regulatesunconscious processes that maintain _____________________, a termcoined by Walter Canon.

12. List and understand thethree different routes for preganglionic neurons in the sympatheticbranch.

13. Compare and contrast theneuronal divergence (pre- to postganglionic neurons) of the PNS andthe SNS. What does this mean? How does the adrenal gland and itmedullary secretions affect these contrasting effects?

14. The ganglions in the PNSare __________ to the effector organs than the ganglions in theSNS. Considering myelination, how does this affect speed oftransmission between the two systems?

15. List the receptor typesfor Ach and NE. Which are usually excitatory, inhibitory orboth?

16. The smooth muscle aroundthe blood vessels is innervated by the sympathetic branch of theANS. What occurs to dilate those vessels?

Type your question here

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Anatomy and Cell Biology 3319 Chapter 15: reading 15 autonomic nervous system (463-474)

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