Biochemistry 2280A Chapter 5: Topic 14 – NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE Learning Objectives

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23 Aug 2016

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Topic 14 nucleic acid structure: explain the chemical structure of nucleic acid polymers, without memorizing the structures of the nitrogenous bases. Nucleotides are the subunits which consist of nucleosides bonded to phosphate group. Nucleoside = nitrogenous base bonded to a sugar (ribose/deoxyribose) Nucleotides are linked covalently via phosphodiester bond between phosphate of sugar and hydroxyl of another sugar. Condensation rxn w/release of inorganic phosphate: describe b-dna and the higher order structures formed by rna, and the important forces that stabilize these structures. B-dna is 2 nanometres thick, rise per base pair is 0. 34 nm, and about. 10 bp per complete turn of the double helix: identify chemical and structural similarities and differences between dna and rna. Main difference is the type of sugar contained in their sugar-phosphate backbone: Deoxyribose dna; where hydroxyl in 2" position of ribose carbon ring is replaced with hydrogen, hence deoxyribose.

Related Questions

1. What is an organic molecule?

2.Name three hydrocarbons and be able to draw their structural formulas.

3. What is an isomer? List and describe the three types (structural, geometric, and enantiomers).

4. Be able to recognize and describe the properties of these functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.

5. What is a monosaccharide? Give two examples of these molecules and their functions.

6. Describe these chemical reactions: dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and hydrolysis (rehydration).

7. What is a disaccharide? List two and give their functions.

8. What is a polysaccharide? List two storage forms and two structural forms. How are they formed and what is their specific function?

9. How do the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels?

10. What is molting and why is it necessary in certain animals?

11. What four molecules are bonded together to form a triglyceride or fat? Why are fats nonpolar? What are some functions of fats as well as other lipids such as oils and waxes?

12. How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ? Discuss bonding patterns and possible sources of these fats. Which type is healthier for you? Why?

13. Why do animals store most of their excess glucose as fats or oils rather than as glycogen or protein? Give two reasons.

14. What are phospholipids? Identify parts of the phospholipid bilayer that are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? What important cell structure do these molecules help create?

15. Describe the structure of a steroid. How is cholesterol used in beneficial ways in your body?

16. What are LDLs and HDLs? Which is considered good or bad cholesterol? What condition could result from high blood pressure?

17. What are four ways to either reduce high blood cholesterol or maintain a safe level?

18. What is the composition of an amino acid? Why would they be considered nonpolar, polar, acidic, or basic?

19. Define dipeptides and polypeptides.

20. Describe the primary structure of a protein. What type of bonding creates it?

21. What is the secondary structure of a protein? Name two types of secondary structure and indicate what type of bonding holds them together. List three fibrous proteins.

22. What is the tertiary structure of a protein? What types of bonds or chemical interactions allow a protein to maintain this structure? List three globular proteins.

23. What is the quaternary structure of a protein? Describe a hemoglobin molecule.

24. What are the subunits of nucleic acids and what is their composition? How are these subunits bonded together? What is DNS's basic shape?

25. List three differences between DNA and RNA.

1. Unlike DNA, RNA contains

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

Nucleic acid structure

2. In transcription, uracil will bond with:

thymine

cytosine

adenine

guanine

Transcription

3. The first team of scientist to document the structure of DNA was:

Franklin and Wilkins

Watson and Crick

Pauling and Chargoff

None of the above

DNA structure

4. Organelles that synthesize protein are:

lysosomes

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi bodies

5. Most of the time in a cell's life, it's DNA is in the form of:

Chromatin

Chromatids

Replicated chromosomes

Spindle fibers

6. Uracil is a nitrogen base that pairs with adenine. Using this information, one could conclude that uracil is a:

Purine

Pyrimidine

Neither a purine or pyrimidine

Not enough information

7. a nucleotide does not consist of a:

polymerase

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogen base

8. The genetic code in DNA of an individual depends on the sequence (order) of:

nucleotides

purines only

phosphates

sugars

9. Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA in a process known as:

translation

transformation

transcription

replication

10. The basic unit (building block) of a protein is a (an):

carbohydrate

amino acid

lipid

hydrogen bond

11. Unlike DNA, RNA contains:

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

12. The structure of DNA was first documented in:

1945

1953

1956

1962

13. In DNA replication, the new molecules produced are:

of unequal length

both assembled in the same direction

built with purines as the backbone

assembled in opposite directions

DNA replication

14. The "backbone" of DNA is composed of:

ribose and phosphates

deoxyribose and phosphates

ribose and uracil

deoxyribose and thymine

DNA structure

15. RNA differs from DNA in which of the following ways?

RNA is single-stranded

RNA contains ribose

RNA does not contain thymine

All of the above

DNA structure

16. Which of the following is NOT required for the transcription process itself?

RNA polymerase

DNA

uracil-containing nucleotides

ribosomes

skyhamster121

Match each term with its definition. Each term or definition is used only once

- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	right-spiraling common DNA form
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	referencing the opposite orientation of hydrogen-bonded DNA strands
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	viral particle whose natural host is a prokaryote
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	universal holding that the number of purines always equals the number of pyrimidines
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	nucleic acid base sequences able to form a double-stranded structure by virtue of matching base pairs
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	5ââ 3â or 3ââ 5â
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	nuclease able to cleave phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	the structure formed by two DNA strands twisted around a common axis in a spiral
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	bacterial cycle of phage- infected cells resulting in cell destruction and viral release
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	main access site for proteins that recognize specific DNA sequences
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	a cytosine modification favoring Z DNA formation
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	nucleic acid monomer consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	connects two nucleic acid sugar molecules via an ester bond
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	hydrolyzes peptide bonds linking amino acids
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	U or C in RNA
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	a pentose sugar
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	an enzyme that breaks down RNA
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	either of the two nucleotide chains of a double helix
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	a pyrimidine able to hydrogen bond with adenine
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T.	a DNA configuration favored by high ionic strength and GC repeats

A.	protease
B.	lysis
C.	double helix
D.	bacteriophage
E.	complementary
F.	Chargaffâs rule
G.	B DNA
H.	major groove
I.	nucelotide
J.	antiparallel
K.	RNAse
L.	directionality
M.	phosphodiester linkage
N.	ribose
O.	Z DNA
P.	pyrimidine
Q.	methylation
R.	DNAse
S.	uracil
T.	strand

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Biochemistry 2280A Chapter 5: Topic 14 – NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE Learning Objectives

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