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Biology 1225 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Edward Tatum, George Beadle, Messenger Rna

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School
Western University
Department
Biology
Course
Biology 1225
Professor
Michael Butler

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Document Summary

Test # 2 covers chapters 7-14 with the exclusion of chapter 10. Before we go any further, in rna there is no thymine nucleotide (t in the genetic code) as there is in dna. Instead, there is a similar base called uracil (u). So, in rna, u replaces t and thus u pairs with a. You can be sure, if you see a sequence of bases mentioned and a u is present (such as aucgaauu) that it is rna and not dna that is being discussed, uracil is unique to rna. The answer lies in the nature of the dna molecule. This unique chemical has a structure that allows it to replicate prior to each cell division so that the daughter cells have the same chromosomes (and genes) as the original zygote had. The structure of dna also allows it to store information. The language used to record the information has an alphabet of only 4 letters .

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Related Questions

1. Unlike DNA, RNA contains

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

Nucleic acid structure

2. In transcription, uracil will bond with:

thymine

cytosine

adenine

guanine

Transcription

3. The first team of scientist to document the structure of DNA was:

Franklin and Wilkins

Watson and Crick

Pauling and Chargoff

None of the above

DNA structure

4. Organelles that synthesize protein are:

lysosomes

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi bodies

5. Most of the time in a cell's life, it's DNA is in the form of:

Chromatin

Chromatids

Replicated chromosomes

Spindle fibers

6. Uracil is a nitrogen base that pairs with adenine. Using this information, one could conclude that uracil is a:

Purine

Pyrimidine

Neither a purine or pyrimidine

Not enough information

7. a nucleotide does not consist of a:

polymerase

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogen base

8. The genetic code in DNA of an individual depends on the sequence (order) of:

nucleotides

purines only

phosphates

sugars

9. Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA in a process known as:

translation

transformation

transcription

replication

10. The basic unit (building block) of a protein is a (an):

carbohydrate

amino acid

lipid

hydrogen bond

11. Unlike DNA, RNA contains:

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

12. The structure of DNA was first documented in:

1945

1953

1956

1962

13. In DNA replication, the new molecules produced are:

of unequal length

both assembled in the same direction

built with purines as the backbone

assembled in opposite directions

DNA replication

14. The "backbone" of DNA is composed of:

ribose and phosphates

deoxyribose and phosphates

ribose and uracil

deoxyribose and thymine

DNA structure

15. RNA differs from DNA in which of the following ways?

RNA is single-stranded

RNA contains ribose

RNA does not contain thymine

All of the above

DNA structure

16. Which of the following is NOT required for the transcription process itself?

RNA polymerase

DNA

uracil-containing nucleotides

ribosomes

DNA Structure and Function LabReport

  1. DNA Structure
  2. Which two scientists are credited with discovering DNA?
  1. Name the nitrogen bases that are purines.
  1. Which nitrogen base pairs with thymine?
  1. List the three components of a nucleotide.
  1. DNA Replication
  2. What is the purpose of DNA replication?
  1. How many times does replication occur in the life of acell?
  1. In the Lab, Exercise 2, the original strand on the left had thebases shown below. Input the new bases that correctly pair with theoriginal strand.

Original

New

C

A

G

T
  1. RNA Structure
  1. Describe the structure and function of RNA.
  1. Refer to Exercise 3 and record the bases of the RNA strandproduced from the replicated DNA strand.

DNA

RNA

C

A

G

T

  1. Record the differences between DNA and RNA in the tablebelow.

DNA

RNA

Sugars

Bases

Strands

  1. RNA Synthesis

  1. The process of assembling RNA is called _________.
  1. How is replication different from transcription?
  1. Refer to Exercise 4. Write the letters for the base sequence ofmRNA in the spaces below DNA. Note that the order is reversed;start with the 3’ end of the DNA strand and the 5’ end of the mRNAstrand. Transcription is DNA to mRNA. Note RNA contains Uracilinstead of Thymine; There is no thymine in RNA.

DNA

3’

C

G

T

C

G

T

C

C

A

A

T

T

5’

mRNA

5’

3’

  1. Protein Synthesis

  1. What type of RNA provides amino acids to build polypeptidechains?

  1. If a mRNA strand has the bases 5’ CUC 3’, what amino acid willbe translated? Refer to the printable chart in Exercise 5.

  1. Where in the cell does translation occur?
  1. Genes

  1. What could be the problem if there is a change in the basesequence of a gene as it is passed down to the offspring?
  1. Give an example of a disorder that results from changes in theamino acid sequence.
  1. What causes sickle cell anemia?
  1. Gene Cloning
  1. What is the function of a plasmid?
  1. Print the document from Lab, Exercise 6. Complete the activityalong with the video demonstration. Sign, date, and take an imageof your final product and include with this lab report.

QUESTION 1. Compared to eukaryotic genomes, only prokaryotic genomes:

A. contain DNA organized by histones.
B. contain usually one, circular chromosome.
C. contain plasmid DNA.
D. have chromosomes contained in a nucleus.

QUESTION 2. Azathioprine is a drug that may be prescribed to transplant recipients to reduce the chance of tissue rejection reactions. In its active state, it acts as a purine analogue, inhibiting DNA biosynthesis. This means that 6-mercaptopurine will be inserted in place of a purine containing nucleotides during DNA replication. Given this drug's mode of action, you would expect it to be incorporated into DNA in place of:

A. nucleotides containing guanine or cytosine.
B. nucleotides containing adenine or thymine.
C nucleotides containing adenine or guanine.
D. nucleotides containing guanine nucleotide or uracil.

QUESTION 3. RNA is distinguished from DNA because only RNA:

A. typically exists as a single-stranded molecule.
B. has a 3' to 5' directionality.
C. is composed of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose.
D. is composed of nucleotides that contain the nitrogen bases T, C, G, and A.

QUESTION 4. How are RNA nucleotides different from DNA nucleotides? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

A. RNA nucleotides do not contain thymine.
B. RNA nucleotides use the sugar ribose, while DNA nucleotides do not.
C. RNA nucleotides lack phosphate.
D. RNA nucleotides incorporate pyrimidine nitrogen bases, while DNA nucleotides only incorporate purine nitrogen bases.