Biology 1225 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Mendelian Inheritance, Synapsis, Multicellular Organism

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5 Feb 2014

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We intuitively consider the fusion of two gametes to create a single, fertilized, zygote as the beginning of an organism"s life cycle. The cell must go through several (maybe several hundred) rounds of cell division to produce the large population of cells needed to construct the body of a multicellular organism. Throughout this process of cell division the genetic material must be replicated, condensed and partitioned faithfully into daughter cells. This type of cell division is called mitosis. For sexually reproducing organisms, the gametes mentioned above are created in gonads by a specialized type of cell division that must reduce the amount of genetic material by half. Our body (somatic) cells are diploid, our gametes are haploid. *figure 8. 5 and 8. 13: what is the ultimate purpose of mitosis, in animals, all of the following processes are the result of mitosis except, growth of the young organism, asexual reproduction (in some cases).

Related Questions

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?

	A.	metaphase and telophase
	B.	anaphase and metaphase
	C.	interphase and telophase
	D.	interphase and prophase
	E.	metaphase and prophase

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of

	A.	the principle of dihybrids.
	B.	multiple alleles.
	C.	heterozygosity.
	D.	incomplete dominance.
	E.	independent assortment.

An allele is

	A.	an alternate form of a gene.
	B.	always recessive.
	C.	the main factor determining a trait.
	D.	always one of a pair.
	E.	the dominant form of a gene.

After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are

	A.	spindle fibers.
	B.	kinetochores.
	C.	chromatids.
	D.	chromatin.
	E.	centromeres.

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called

	A.	egg cells.
	B.	somatic cells.
	C.	germ cells.
	D.	stem cells.
	E.	basal cells.

Skin cancers typically develop in the

A) subcutaneous layer.
B) lower layers of the epidermis.
C) lower layers of the dermis.
D) upper layers of the epidermis.
E) upper layers of the dermis.

The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual isits

A) genotype.
B) filial.
C) heterozygosity.
D) phenotype.
E) dominance.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type ofinheritance?

A) recessive dominance
B) multiple alleles
C) complete dominance
D) incomplete dominance
E) codominance

The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducingdiploid organisms the two copies of each gene

A) will both wind up in either the sperm or egg.
B) segregate from each other during meiosis.
C) move together as a unit during meiosis.
D) separate from each other during mitosis.
E) must always be the same allele.

If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning tobe visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared fromview, you may surmise that the cells is in

A) metaphase.
B) interphase.
C) anaphase.
D) prophase.
E) telophase.

Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solidgreen leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). Across between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants withsolid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of theparents that produced these plants?

A) TtGg x TtGg
B) TtGg x Ttgg
C) ttGG x TTgg
D) TtGg x ttgg
E) None of the above

What structure holes the sister chromatids to the spindlefibers?

A) cyclin
B) centromere
C) MPF
D) kinetochore
E) chromatin

At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.

A) centrioles
B) haploid chromatids
C) homologous chromosomes
D) germ cells
E) sister chromatids

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upondivision are called

A) stem cells.
B) basal cells.
C) germ cells.
D) somatic cells.
E) egg cells.

10.

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes,each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of adihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either theparental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes areformed because of

A) multiple alleles.
B) heterozygosity.
C) independent assortment.
D) the principle of dihybrids.
E) incomplete dominance.

11.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animalcells because

A) plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
B) there is no difference.
C) in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into twoparts.
D) the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plantcells.
E) a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.

12.

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctlyreferred to as chromatids?

A) metaphase and telophase
B) metaphase and prophase
C) interphase and prophase
D) anaphase and metaphase
E) interphase and telophase

13.

If an organism

sangriaporcupine510

What is a genome? What is a genome made of? Describe the bacterial genome. How do bacteria reproduce? What is binary fission? Distinguish between a chromosome and chromatin. Where are chromosomes located in eukaryotic cells? What is the chromosome made of? What is a centromere? What is the centromere's role? What are sister chromatids and how do they arise? Distinguish between somatic cells and germ (gametes) cells. Describe the cell cycle. What are the different phases? What occurs during S phase? What is interphase? How is the cell cycle controlled?

Describe mitosis. What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs in each of the phases of mitosis? What is cytokinesis? How does this differ between plant and animal cells? What is a kinetochore? Where does it form? What is its role? What is the role of microtubules in mitosis? What is a centriole and what is it composed of? What is a centrosome and what is its role in mitosis? What is the metaphase plate and why is this important? What is the mitotic spindle, its role and its makeup? What defines a diploid cell? How many copies of each chromosome is in a diploid cell? What about a haploid cell? Why do the daughter cells of mitosis always have the same complement of chromosomes?

Describe meiosis. What are the phases of meiosis? What occurs in each of the phases of meiosis? Distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II and describe how each of these processes compare to mitosis. Why do animal cells undergo meiosis? What is a gamete? What is a zygote? What are recombination, crossing-over, and chiasma? When and why does this occur? What is meant by 'homologous pair of chromosomes'? Why don't the daughter cells of meiosis have the same genetic makeup? What controls the segregation of chromosomes into the gametes?

What are genetic characters? What are genetic traits? What is an allele? What is a locus? How many alleles at each locus would a human cell have and why? Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. What is meant by a dominant gene? What is meant by a recessive gene? How do these differ? What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a homozygous recessive organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a heterozygous organism? What is its phenotype? What is a genetic cross? Distinguish between the P, F1, and F2 generations. What is a true-breeding line? What is the genotype and phenotype of a cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents? If the F1 progeny are crossed, what would be the genotype and phenotype of the F2 generation? What would be the phenotypic ratio? What would be the genotypic ratio? Be ready to generate Punnet square tests or probability analyses of crosses involving more than one genetic locus. Describe a dihybrid cross where two alleles are homozygous dominant in one parent and homozygous recessive in the other. What would be the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation from this dihybrid cross? What is meant by independent assortment? Be prepared to calculate probabilities resulting from different crosses.

Distinguish between complete and incomplete dominance. How would incomplete dominance alter the results of a hybrid cross? What would the resulting F2 generation phenotype and genotype ratios be? What is codominance? How does this affect the results of crosses? Be prepared to determine likely blood types of parents based on the blood types of their offspring. What is a polygenic trait? What is a carrier state for a genetic disease? What is meant by linked genes? How does this affect expected outcomes of genetic crosses? How is gene linkage used for chromosomal mapping? Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. What sex chromosomes are found in women? What sex chromosomes are found in men? What are sex-linked traits? Be prepared to give the results of crosses that involve sex-linked recessive traits. What is the process of nondisjunction? What are the likely results? Why is this important? What is a Barr body? Recognize the genetic abnormality of Downs Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, and Klinefelter's Syndrome.

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Biology 1225 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Mendelian Inheritance, Synapsis, Multicellular Organism

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