Biology 2581B Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Aqueous Solution, Chemical Polarity, Ionic Compound

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3 May 2020

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Chemical reaction the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes of composition of matter. Occurs when a reaction is still going on, but with no effect on the concentrations of reactants and products. When a molecule contains polar covalent bonds, it"s overall charge is unevenly distributed. One side of the molecule has a partial negative charge ( -) and the other side has a partial positive charge( +). In water (h2o), the oxygen region of the molecule has a partial negative charge and each hydrogen has a partial positive charge. The slightly positive charged hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to the slightly negative oxygen of another molecule. Also, the heat of vaporization of water is high, which means a lot of heat is needed to turn liquid water into gas. When an ionic compound (salt) dissolves in water, water molecules form hydration shells around the ions. (cohesion, adhesion, surface tension) floats on liquid water.

Related Questions

Fill in the following chart with the appropriate subatomic particle and state whether each is located in the nucleus of the orbital

Particle	Charge	Location (Nucleus or Orbital)
	Positive (+)
	Negative (-)
	Neutral Charge

Fill in the following chart using the lowercase letter of the statements below. Please be aware that some letters should be used more than once because they are true for more than one type of bond.

Covalent Bonds	Ionic Bonds	Hydrogen Bonds

Electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom

Valance electrons are shared between atoms

Involves positive and negative ions

A weak bond between 2 or more polar molecules

A bond between 2 or more atoms

The type of bond used to make NaCl (table salt)

The type of bond used to make CH₄ (Methane)

What does it mean when a molecule is described as âpolar?â Be detailed in your answer.

State and explain two reasons that water molecules are essential to life because of their hydrogen bonds.

Fill in the chart with the missing information about macromolecules

Macromolecule	Dietary source	Function	Example	Defining Characteristics
Carbohydrate			Cellulose and glucose
Lipid	Fats, Oils
Protein
Nucleic Acid	Sardines, beans, spinach			Made of nucleotides (contain a base, sugar and phosphate)

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2. Inductive reasoning in science:

a) is often part of the discovery process

b) proceeds from specific observations to general conclusions

c) is complementary to deductive reasoning

d) often relies on descriptive science

e) all of the above

3. A proton is a subatomic particle with:

a) a negative charge and an atomic mass of 1

b) a negative charge and a negligible mass

c) a positive charge and an atomic mass of 1

d) no charge and an atomic mass of 1

e) no charge and a negligible mass

4. Nonpolar covalent bonds are formed when:

a) electrons are shared equally by atoms

b) electrons are shared unequally by atoms

c) electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another

d) two atoms both lose electrons

e) a negative pole of one atom is attracted to a positive pole of another atom

5. Hydrogen bonds are formed when:

a) electrons are shared equally by atoms

b) electrons are shared unequally by atoms

c) electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another

d) two atoms both lose electrons

e) a negative end of one molecule is attracted to a positive end of another molecule

6. Compared with a solution of pH = 4, a solution with pH = 6 is:

a) 2 times less acidic

b) 10 times more acidic

c) 100 times more acidic

d) 10 times less acidic

e) 100 times less acidic

7. Nucleotides are formed from:

a) 3 fatty acids and a glycerol

b) 3 monosaccharides and a glycerol

c) a fatty acid, a pentose sugar, and 1 or more phosphate groups

d) a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and 1 or more phosphate groups

e) an amino acid, a pentose sugar, and 1 or more phosphate groups

8. Which nucleotide base is found in RNA, but not in DNA?

a) adenine

b) cytosine

c) guanine

d) thymine

e) uracil

9. The correct sequence for the levels in the taxonomic hierarchy is:

a) domain â class â order â kingdom â phylum â genus â family â species

b) kingdom â domain â class â phylum â order â family â genus â species

c) domain â kingdom â phylum â class â order â family â genus â species

d) domain â kingdom â phylum â class â order â genus â family â species

e) phylum â kingdom â domain â order â class â genus â family â species

10. The outer (valence) shell of an atom can hold a maximum of:

a) 4 electrons

b) 6 electrons

c) 8 electrons

d) 12 electrons

e) 18 electrons

11. Which of the following is not true of lipids?

a) they are a diverse group of biological molecules

b) they are hydrophobic

c) they are less oxidized than carbohydrates

d) they are strongly polar

e) they can store more energy than carbohydrates

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Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

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Biology 2581B Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Aqueous Solution, Chemical Polarity, Ionic Compound

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