Chemistry 1027A/B Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Chemical Polarity, Sigma Bond, Stereoselectivity

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15 Mar 2015

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Addition to the carbon-carbon double bond: pi bond is broken, sigma bonds are formed to two new atoms or groups of atoms. Chain-growth polymers: single most important reaction of ethylene and other low molecular weight alkenes, alkenes form polymers by the addition of monomers to a growing polymer chain with catalysts called initiators. Describes in detail how a chemical reaction occurs. Describes which bonds break and which new ones form. Describes order and relative rates of various steps. Reaction takes place in solution reaction mechanisms describes role of solvent. Reaction involves catalyst reaction mechanisms describe role of catalyst. Show the changes in energy that occur in going from reactants to products. Energy measured along the vertical axis. Reaction coordinate: change in position of atoms during a reaction, measured on horizontal axis, indicates how far the reaction has progressed. Exothermic: different in energy between the reactants and products, energy of products is lower than that of the reactants, heat released.

Related Questions

Classify each of the following statements as true or false:

a) To be classified as organic, a compound must be or have been part of a living organism.

b) Carbon atoms normally form four bonds in organic compounds.

c) Only an unsaturated hydrocarbon can engage in an addition reaction.

d) Members of a homologous series differ by a distinct structural unit.

e) Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

f) Alkyl groups are a class of organic compounds.

g) Isomers have the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas.

h) Cis-trans isomerism appear among alkenes but not alkynes.

i) All aliphatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated.

j) Aromatic hydrocarbons have a ring structure.

k) An alcohol has an alkyl group bonded to an oxygen atom, and an ether has two.

l) Carbonyl groups are found in alcohols and aldehydes.

m) An ester is an aromatic carbon made from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

n) An amine has one, two, or three alkyl groups substituted for hydrogens in an ammonia molecule.

o) An amide has the structure of a carboxylic acid except that replaces OH in the carboxyl group.

p) A peptide linkage series arises when a water molecule forms from a hydrogen from the of one amino acid molecule an from an another amino acid molecule.

r) Chain-growth polymers are made a reaction that gives off water a second product.

s) Nylon is an example of a step-growth condensation polymer.

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For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response. All of these fill-in-the-blank problems pertain to material covered in the sections on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon derivatives.

a. The first "organic" compound to be synthesized in the laboratory, rather than being isolated from nature, was _ _ _ _ _, which was prepared from _ _ _ _ _.

b. An organic compound whose carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds is said to be _ _ _ _ _.

c. The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon atoms in alkanes is _ _ _ _ _.

d. Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain are said to be _ _ _ _ _ alkanes.

e. Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same number of each type of atom but exhibit a different arrangement of the _ _ _ _ _ between those atoms.

f. The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending _ _ _ _ _ added to a root name that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

g. For branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from the number of carbon atoms in the _ _ _ _ _ continuous chain in the molecule.

h. The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbon framework of a molecule are indicated by the _ _ _ _ _ of the carbon atom to which the substituents are attached.

i. The major use of alkanes has been in _ _ _ _ _ reactions, as a source of heat and light.

j. With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo _ _ _ _ _ reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane.

k. Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid, complete _ _ _ _ _ reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms of the double or triple bond.

l. Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of _ _ _ _ _.

m. Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called _ _ _ _ _ hydrocarbons.

n. An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to an organic molecule is called a _ _ _ _ _ group.

o. A _ _ _ _ _ alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group.

p. The simplest alcohol, methanol, prepared industrially by the hydrogenation of _ _ _ _ _.

q. Ethanol is commonly prepared by the _ _ _ _ _ of certain sugars by yeast.

r. Both aldehydes and ketones contain the _ _ _ _ _ group, but they differ in where this group occurs along the hydrocarbon chain.

s. Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by _ _ _ _ _ of the corresponding alcohol.

t. Organic acids, which contain the _ _ _ _ _ group, are typically weak acids.

u. The typical sweet-smelling compounds called _ _ _ _ _ result from the condensation reaction of organic acid with an _ _ _ _ _.

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Show transcribed image text REPORT FORM: SYNTHETIC POLYMERS Polystyrene Record your observations after the cooled solution is poured into methanol. Describe the solid you collect. Describe the fibers formed from the melted polystyrene. Nylon Describe what occurs at the interface between the two solutions. Describe the rope formed by pulling polymer out from the liquid/liquid interface.
Describe the polymer formed by vigorously stirring the remaining solutions together. Describe the fibers formed from the melted nylon polymer Questions 1. In the formation of polystyrene, hundreds of individual styrene monomers come together to form a polymer, as shown below (only a very small fragment of the polymer is shown; imagine the chain extending in each direction by hundreds of subunits): many What monomers would be used to make each of the following polymers? Cl Ci Cl Cl
139 2. The growth of a polymer involves the stepwise addition of individual monomers to the growing chain. In the first reaction below, one electron from the carbon-carbon double bond combines with the unpaired electron on the radical species to form a new single bond, but one electron is left over to form a new radical species. What will be the structure after another monomer subunit is added? 3. In the formation of a polymer, the number of individual subunits that make up the chain has an effect on the properties of the polymer formed. You made nylon polymers in two different ways, by slowly drawing out a rope and by vigorously stirring the two solutions. Which nylon polymer has longer chains?
140 4. In this lab, you specifically formed nylon 6-6, as shown below (only a very small fragment of the polymer is shown; imagine the chain extending in each direction by hundreds of subunits). Cl many What is the byproduct of this process? Nearly 5.5 million tons of nylon are formed industrially each year. If the above process were used, what potential environmental hazard must be considered?
141 There are many different nylons in addition to the nylon 6-6 you synthesized. The properties of these nylons despend on the monomers used in their formation. What monomers would be used for the synthesis of the nylons shown below (again, only a small fragment of each is shown)?

Chemistry 1027A/B Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Chemical Polarity, Sigma Bond, Stereoselectivity

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