Pathology 3240A Chapter 6: Infections - Kwan

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22 Nov 2016

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Infectious pathology is the most common form of organic and cellular disease. Its symptoms can range from asymptomatic to sever tissue damage and death. Infection is when signs of the disease are shown in a patient who has been infected. Infectious disease occurs when pathogenic organism causing organ dysfunction or signs & symptoms of inflammation. When our defense mechanisms fight off organisms, it can cause tissue damage to the surrounding area, leading to illness and disease. T-cells are often present in viral infections and humoral cells in bacterial infections. Our immune system generally uses similar mechanisms/tools to deal with infectious microorganisms, but can differ depending on the location of the body that is infected and the specific organs/tissues infected by the organism. Not all interactions are harmful, such as our microbiota, which are in a mutual symbiotic relationship with us.

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30. Microbe-Human Interactions.

a. Define pathogen, disease, normal flora. Under what conditions might a normal flora organism cause disease.

b. What parts of the body should stay absolutely sterile under normal circumstances.

c. How are Kochâs postulates used.

d. Define communicable, non-communicable, acute, chronic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic,

symptomatic, asymptomatic, and subclinical.

e. For a disease to be spread, there must be a reservoir, mode of transmission, and portal of entry.

f. For humans, what is the most significant reservoir.

g. Define : direct contact, droplet transmission, indirect contact, vehicle transmission, arthropod vectors

h. For a microorganism to cause disease, it typically must attach to host tissue, overcome the host defense, and cause tissue damage.What structures are used for attachment.What are some ways in which microorganisms overcome the host immune system.What distinguishes exotoxins from endotoxin.

31. Immune Defenses.

a. What are the major elements of the first, second, and third lines of defense.

b. What are the steps of phagocytosis and inflammation? What are the 3 complement pathways?

c. Which lines of defense are considered specific? Which are considered non-specific?

d. There are two major types of specific immunity, humoral and cell-mediated.

e. Humoral immunity involves B cells and antibodies. What are the major classes and activities of antibodies.

f. Cell mediated immunity involves T cells. What are 2 major types of T cells? What are their activities.

32. Staphylococcus aureus.

a. Gram positive cocci in grape-like clusters.

b. Skin infections (scalded skin syndrome, impetigo) (many other types of infection are also possible).

33. Streptococcus pyogenes.

a. Gram positive cocci in chains.

a. Strep throat, skin/wound infections (impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis âflesh eating diseaseâ), scarlet fever (other types of infection are also possible)

burgundymallard431

1. Human papilloma virus serotypes 1 and 2 (HPV-1 & HPV-2) both cause benign skin warts. Explain the likely outcome of the following two scenarios and explain in detail why you expect these outcomes. In both scenarios, a person is infected with HPV-1 in January 2012, develops a skin wart which resolves (disappears) without treatment by December 2012. Scenario 1: The same person is re-infected with HPV-1 in January 2013. Scenario 2: the same person is infected with HPV-2 in January 2013.

2. Why do herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 (HSV-1 or HSV-2) infections recur at or near the site of the original infection? Why is HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection not eliminated from the body when the symptoms of the initial infection subside? Explain both answers in detail.

3. Describe the mechanisms responsible for antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza virus. Which mechanism is responsible for the yearly changes in influenza virus and which may create strains of influenza virus that result in pandemics?

4. What organism causes syphilis? How can it be treated and prevented? Describe the stages of syphilis including the order in which they appear and the symptoms of each stage.

5. Name and describe in detail the three stages of disease caused by HIV infection in the order in which they occur. What defines the beginning and end of each stage and what events occur to cause the transitions from each stage to the next?

6. Name and describe the five modes of action of antibacterial drugs. Give an example of a drug that works by each mode of action and state whether it is broad or narrow spectrum and/or suited for treatment of Gram negative or Gram positive infections.

7. Explain the mechanism of action of the antiviral drug acyclovir. Why does it not harm uninfected cells?

8. Name and describe one of the seven most common neglected tropical diseases. Describe the organism that causes the disease, the symptoms, drugs used to treat it and the approximate number of people affected. Why is it necessary to treat the entire population in a geographic region rather than just those suffering symptoms in order to prevent new infections?

9. Describe and explain the causes of rheumatic fever. Why is it important for patients to complete the dose of antibiotics prescribed for "strep throat"?

10. What organism causes Lyme disease? How is it transmitted to humans and why is it most prevalent in parts of New England and the northern Midwest? Describe the possible long-term sequelae of Lyme disease.

11. Describe the five stages of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Which stages are seen in asymptomatic infected individuals and which are found in people that have active infectious tuberculosis?

12. Describe the six stages of rabies virus infection and pathology including the common sources of infection in the USA. Explain why fatal disease can be prevented by vaccination after infection.

13. Describe the four mechanisms by which bacteria can become resistant to antibacterial drugs. Describe two ways bacteria may be genetically modified to achieve drug resistance naturally.

We discuss three acellular infectious agents in this module â viruses, prions and viroids. Infection by any one of these can have serious consequences to human health and/or economic wellbeing. In the event of an outbreak, it is important to be able to identify and contain these pathogens to avoid potentially deadly outbreaks. Your assignment is to choose one of the three infectious agents and consider the epidemiological features of your selection. By epidemiological features we mean: Can you characterize the causative organism? Where does the disease come from? Who is affected? How do they acquire the pathogen? What are the symptoms and risk factors? How is the disease dealt with once it is discovered in order to prevent its spread? You can choose one pathogen based on the general scenario described below.

For this assignment you now work for the United States Department of Agricultureâs Agriculture Research Service. You have been assigned to characterize a new epidemic that has spread rapidly at a farm in Montana. You arrive at the farm observe the livestock, crops and farm workers for signs of illness. You sample the fluids and tissue of several affected organisms and bring them to a state-of-the-art USDA laboratory for analysis. The outbreak is fictional but all the information â from the organism, to how it is acquired, to the symptoms it causes â should be legitimate for the infectious agent. I have intentionally left out these and other details in the scenario. You will fill in the details in your essay by addressing the following questions.

What is the affected organism (animal/plant/human or any combination)?

What are the symptoms exhibited by the affected organism(s)?

What is the pathogen that you have identified after analysis of the infected material?

How where you able to identify the agent in a laboratory?

Describe the etiology. How did the infection make its way to the farm?

Trace the fictional outbreak from its origins either locally, nationally or internationally.

Knowing how the infectious agent is disseminated, what recommendations do you make to the farm manager for containment and treatment of infected organisms?

Please visit the Excelsior Library to find at least 3 suitable citations to support the information you provide as you portray this outbreak.

Your essay should be 2-3 pages in length, double spaced in a 10-12 point font. Please be sure to cite all sources of information, including the text book, in the essay text and on a reference page using APA format. When you have finished your essay, attach it to the assignment drop box and submit it to your instructor.

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Pathology 3240A Chapter 6: Infections - Kwan

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