Psychology 2042A/B Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder, Moral Insanity, Intellectual Disability

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Chapter 1- Introduction to Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Children and Adolescents:
When seeking assistance/ advice, parents often ask qs sim these about children’s behav
and understandably need to know probable course and outcome
Qs exemplify following issues research studies in abnormal child psych seek address:
o Def what constitutes normal and abnormal behav for children dif ages, sexes and
ethnic and cult backgrounds
o Ident causes and correlates abnorm child behav
o Making predictions long-term outcomes
o Dev and eval methods for treatment and/or prevention
How choose describe probs kids show, and what harm/ impairments such probs may lead
to is often first step toward understanding nature probs- Georgia symptoms= obsessive-
compulsive disorder
When adults seek services kids, often not clear whose prob it is- enter b/c adults and little
choice in matter= important implications how detect kid’s probs and how respond them
Many child and adolescent probs involve failure show expected dev progress- transitory/
initial indication more severe probs ahead- need fam w norm and abnorm dev
Many prob behavs shown by kids and youths not entirely abnormal
Interventions kids and adolescents often are intended promote further dev, rather than
merely restore previous level funct- boost abilities and skills, as well elim distress
Historical views and breakthroughs:
We must recog kids as valuable, independent any other purpose, to help dev normal lives
and competencies- valuing kids persons own right- providing medical, edu and psych
resources encourage progress- not been priority previous socs
Children servants early Greece and any person w physical/ mental handicap, disability/
deformity economic burden and social embarrassment and thus was to be scorned,
abandoned/ put to death
Some earliest hist interest in abnorm child behav surfaced near end eighteenth cent-
church used infl attribute kid’s unusual/ disturbing behavs to inherently uncivilized and
proactive nature- possession by devil and sim forces evil
17th and 18th cent- 2/3 died before 5th bday- cruel acts ranging extreme parental indif and
neglect to physical and sexual abuse kid went unnoticed/ considered adult’s right in edu/
disciplining of child- exclusive property and resp parents unchallenged seek more
humane treatment
The emergence of social conscience:
Until recent law and attitude changes, children last ben society’s prosperity and primary
victims shortcomings
Western society, inkling prerequisites social conscience first occurred during 17th cent,
both philosophy humane care and institutions social protection began take root
John Locke believed in individ rights and raised novel idea children should be raised w
thought and care instead of indif and harsh treatment
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Jean Marc Itard treated Victor (discovered in woods outside Paris) for severe
developmental delays rather than sending to asylum- new era helping orientation toward
special children, initially focused care, treatment and training people then termed mental
defectives
Many mentally defective kids actually suffering from emotional and behav probs
primarily due to inept treatment by adults and lack approp intellectual challenge- led
distinction b/w persons w intellectual disability (imbeciles) and those w psychiatric/
mental disorders (lunatics), distinction far from clear at time
Local govs needed to know who was resp helping kids whose cog dev appeared norm but
showed serious emotional/ behav probs- only guidance had previously had in
distinguishing children derived from religious views immoral behav- children had normal
cog abilities but disturbed thought suffer moral insanity, implied disturbance in
personality/ character
Children incapable true adult-like insanity, b/c immaturity dev brains prevented them
from retaining mental events caused insanity- moral insanity grew acceptance means
accounting non-intellectual forms abnorm child behav
Advances gen medicine, physiology and neurology, moral insanity view replaced organic
disease model emphasized more humane forms treatment
Growing infl philosophies Locke and others= view kids needed moral guidance and
support- moral edu, compulsory edu and improved health practices
Victor of Aveyon:
Discovered hunters 11/12 y/o, lived alone woods all life- Itard believed mentally arrested
b/c social and edu neglect, set dem if could be reversed (env stimulation)- never norm but
improved a lot
First time adult tried really understand- feel and know- mind and emotions special child
and had proved child w severe impairments could improve through approp training
Early biological attributions:
Succ treatments infectious diseases during latter part 19th cent strengthened emerging
belief illness and disease, including mental illness= bio probs- early attempts bio explans
deviant/ abnormal behav biased favour cause being person’s fault
Masturbatory insanity- form mental illness, resided within individ, believed v worrisome
(first disorder unique children and adolescents)
Moral convictions regarding wrongfulness masturbation led physiological explan w
severe medical ramifications based on pseudosci papers- initially focused adverse effects
physical health, mid-19th cent dom thought shifted presumed neg effects mental health
and nervous functioning (cause psychopathology in kids)
Not until 20th cent illusory belief relationship b/w masturbation and mental illness
dispelled- importance sci skepticism confirming/ disconfirming new theories and explans
for abnormal behav
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Abnorm behav w/o considering obj sci findings and base rate masturbation in gen pop
and how prevailing social and political climates infl defs child psychopathology
Mental hygiene movement provide benchmark changing- believing mental disorders
form of disease, criticized society’s ignorance and indifference and sought to prevent
mental disease by raising standards of care and disseminating reliable info
Based bio disease model, intervention limited persons w most visible and prominent
disorders, such as psychoses/ severe intellectual disability
Dev explans part view but quite narrow- dev disease considered progressive and
irreversible, tied to dev child only in that it manifested itself dif as child grew, but
remained impervious other influences such as treatment/ learning- all could do prevent
most extreme manifestations by strict punishment and protect those not affected
Reverted custodial model early 20th cent- att anyone w mental/ intellectual disabilities
turned cautious optimism to dire pessimism, hostility and disdain- intellectual disabilities
blamed crimes and social ills during ensuing alarmist period
Returned idea mental illness and retardation diseases could spread if left unchecked=
segregate/ institutionalize and prevent procreating (eugenics)
Early psychological attributions:
Idea disorder/ disease residing within person led neglect essential roles person’s
surroundings, context and relations and of interactions among those variables
Recog psych influences emerged early in 20th cent, when attention drawn importance
major psych disorders and formulating taxonomy illnesses- org and categorize ways dif
among various psych probs, resulting some semblance understanding and control
Shift perspective and increase knowledge promoted dev diagnostic categories and new
crim offenses, expansion descriptions deviant behav and addition more comprehensive
monitoring procedures for ident individs
Psychoanalytic theory:
Freud believed individs have inborn drives and predispositions strongly affect dev, also
believed experiences play nec role in psychopathology- not inevitable and could be
helped if provided w proper env, therapy/ both
Infl advances ways thinking about causes and treatment mental disorders- gave meaning
concept mental disorder by linking to childhood experiences
Rather focusing singular, specific causes, psychoanalytic theory emphasized personality
and mental health outcomes had multiple root- outcomes depended large degree
interaction of dev and sit processes change over time in unique ways
Ana Freud noted how kid’s symptoms related more to dev stages than those adults and
Melanie Klien argued all actions children’s play could be interp terms unconc fantasy=
made poss analysis younger children and recognition nonverbal comm patients all ages
Recent years less infl clinical practice b/c pop phenomenological (descriptive) approach
psychopathology
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Document Summary

Interventions kids and adolescents often are intended promote further dev, rather than merely restore previous level funct- boost abilities and skills, as well elim distress. Psychoanalytic theory: freud believed individs have inborn drives and predispositions strongly affect dev, also believed experiences play nec role in psychopathology- not inevitable and could be helped if provided w proper env, therapy/ both. Evolving forms of treatment: 1930-1950 quiet time research and treatment abnorm child psych- few treatments behav probs in 1930s but psychodynamic approaches dom form treatment, many kids w intellectual/ mental disorders still institutionalized- mounting criticism. Investigations into processes affecting form, ass factors and outcomes dif disorders various ethnic groups hold promise for increasing understanding relationship b/w ethnicity and abnormal child behav. Lifespan implications: mh probs most severe when probs cont untreated (dev tasks hard enough)= sizable difs, costs enormous respect demands comm resources such as health, edu, mental health and.

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