Sociology 3363F/G Chapter Notes - Chapter S2: Narodnaya Volya, Maximilien Robespierre, Skirmisher
24 May 2018
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S #2 Inside Terrorism
Chapter 1: Defining Terrorism
- Broad use of the word terrorism applied to multiple killings/attacks
- Oxford dictionary definition
o Terrorism (System A) Gov by intimidation s directed and carried out by a party in power like French Rev.
System B A policy intended to stroke ith terroir those agaist ho its adopted
- Doest desrie hat terroris is ut historial eaples
- The other definition focuses on feari0indcing quality which is integral but still board
- OED’s definition of the perps of the act define terrorism as
o A political term: applied to the Jacobians and their agents and partisans in the French revolution esp. to
those connected with the revolutionary tribunals durig the ‘eig of Terror
o This is more helpful because the reader is introduced to the notion of terrorism as a political concept
- Terrorism is the most wielded accepted contemporary use of the term and is inherently political – its about
POWER -pursuit of power, equitization of power, use of power to achieve political change
o Terrorism is thus violence – or the threat to achieve this power for the political aim
- OED defiitio aoe ho attepts to further his ie a sste of oerie itiidatio
o This underscore planned and calculated attacks
The Changing Meaning of Terrorism
- The ord terroris as first used i the Freh ‘eolutio
- Use to have positive connotation and was used to establish order during turmoil
- System used was regime de la terror and unlike terrorism was an instrument of governance wielded by the
established revolutionary state
o Was designed to intimidate counter-revolutionist
o The ‘eolutioar Triual Peoples Court ere aorded ide poer to intimidate anyone who could
resists – powerful lesson
- Original context of terrorism could have related to ideas of virtue and democracy
o Maximilien Robespierre believed virtue was the mainspring of a popular government at peace
o Terror without which virtue is helpless sand said terror is nothing by the justice, prompt severe and
inflexible and therefore emanation of virtue
- The French Rev definition of terrorism shares two key characteristics to today
o First, regime de la terror was neither random or indiscriminate – but is organized, deliberate and
systematic
o Second, its goal was the creation of a new and better society
o Maiillias definition is similar in tone and content to the millenarian manifestos issued todas
revolutionaries (left-wingers)
o He stated the ‘ed Ar Gera ad Itals ‘ed Brgades at order
o After ‘oespierres death terrorism became a term associate with the abuse of office and power with
riial ipliatios
o Edmund Burke poem against the French Revolution described the Thousands of Hell bounds called
Terrorist…let loose o the people
- New era of terrorism emerged out of the industrial revolution from conditions of exploitation
o Chief/Italian republican Carlo Pisacane was a passionate advocate of federalism and mutualism and
aouted for the theor of propagada deed a idea eerted a opletig ifluee o reels ad
terrorists alike)
o He argued violence was needed to draw attention and to rally masses behind the revolution
o Violee as ost effetie ad ouldt e replaed posters
- Naroda Vola Peoples Will ere the first to put Pisaaes ditu to ork
o Small group of Russian revolutionists
o Alienation of Russian masses afforded the violence cause
o Unlike oder terrorists, propaganda deed eat the selective targeting of specific individuals who
the group considered embodied the oppressive state
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o The victims (czar royal family supporters) were selected and ere symbolic alue
o They tried to kill the Duke, but he was with his family so the abandoned the plan
o Their most dramatic accomplishment led to the Volya demise on March 1, 1881
o Czar Alex II was assassinated
- Anarchist International sustained fears disproportionate to its political achievements
o The oeets ephasis as idiidual atio or operatios arried out sall ells of like-minded
radicals made detection and prevention by police and heighted public fears
o Made ho tos of terroris ore available
- The Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood (IRB) against British
o In 1987 a new organization called Clan na Gael after the Fenians mantle was created
o ODooa ad Patrik Ford ade the Irish Nespaper their ai platfor ad deeloped a e
strategy for the republican movement
o Their understanding of terrorist dynamics went beyond the medias power to communicate a violent
message
o The Irish world newspaper ega to soliit skirisher fud
o The Skirmishers began to bomb Manchester and their now-familiar pattern of contemporary terrorism:
attacks on buildings designed to commemorate and draw attention to a historically significant marker to
the perps
o Irish terrorist differed from the Russian slightly
▪ Both attacks symbolic targets
▪ Both believed terrorisms protentional
▪ The Skirmisher believed in spilling innocent blood were the Russian attackers just wanted to kill
their target
- In 1883, the Clan na Gael rebranded and knowns as Republican Brotherhood
- The dai apaig of Vitoria-era of Terrorism
o Heighted security/ surveillance
o Led to the foral estalishet of “otlad Yards faed “peial Brah – the first police unit dedicated
to politician crime and counter-terrorism
- The Irish group found the importance of establishing a foreign base beyond the reach of their enemies in order
to sustain a protracted terrorist campaign
- The use of time-delayed weapons was another important invention in the 20th century terrorism along with
mass transport attacks
- Mlada Bonsa or Young Bosnians – arose against Hapsaburg Suzerainty
o Member Gavriole Princip killed Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914
- Narodna Obrana establishment in 1908 to promote Serbian culture and national activities
o Became involved in anti-Austrian activists including terrorism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
o May have had government links it was not government controlled or a directed state supported entity
- State-sponsored terrorism
o The links between high government officials and Sr. Military commanders in the Princip Serbian Black
Hand movement
- B the 93a the eaig of terroris had haged agaist
o Now referred to revolutionary movements and violence directed against mass governments and their
leaders and more to the described practices of mass repression by totalitarian states and their leaders
against their own citizens
o Polie rals ad delared ertai groups eeies of the state ie Mussolii Ital ad Nazi Gera
- Stalin Russian different and resembled Nazi Germany
o Used state police to coerce, enforce and repress
o The used of death squads in conjunction with blatant intimidation of political opponents and human
rights
- After WWII a new meaning of Terrorism emerged
o Used in relation to countries like Israel, Kenya, Cyrus and Algeria trying to come to their own
independence
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Broad use of the word terrorism applied to multiple killings/attacks. Oxford dictionary definition: terrorism (system a) gov by intimidation s directed and carried out by a party in power like french rev. System b a policy intended to stroke (cid:449)ith terroir those agai(cid:374)st (cid:449)ho it(cid:859)s adopted. Does(cid:374)(cid:859)t des(cid:272)ri(cid:271)e (cid:449)hat terroris(cid:373) is (cid:271)ut histori(cid:272)al e(cid:454)a(cid:373)ples. Oed"s definition of the perps of the act define terrorism as. Terrorism is the most wielded accepted contemporary use of the term and is inherently political it(cid:859)s about. Power -pursuit of power, equitization of power, use of power to achieve political change: terrorism is thus violence or the threat to achieve this power for the political aim. Oed defi(cid:374)itio(cid:374) (cid:862)a(cid:374)(cid:455)o(cid:374)e (cid:449)ho atte(cid:373)pts to further his (cid:448)ie(cid:449) (cid:271)(cid:455) a s(cid:455)ste(cid:373) of (cid:272)oer(cid:272)i(cid:448)e i(cid:374)ti(cid:373)idatio(cid:374)(cid:863: this underscore planned and calculated attacks. The (cid:449)ord (cid:858)terroris(cid:373)(cid:859) (cid:449)as first used i(cid:374) the fre(cid:374)(cid:272)h e(cid:448)olutio(cid:374) Use to have positive connotation and was used to establish order during turmoil.
