Sociology 3363F/G Chapter Notes - Chapter Chapter 7 and 12: Urban Guerrilla Warfare, Arson, Official Irish Republican Army

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Chapter 7 p 155-177
Violent Ideologies: Terrorism from the Left and the Right
- Opening point: Racist Skinheads as a Supportive Environment
o Skinheads are associated of youths who live a countercultural and often antisocial, lifestyle
Term derives from their distinctive appearance including cropped hair, suspenders, t-shirts,
tattoos, blue jeans and boots
o Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice (SHARP) international movement challenges skinhead gangs
Skinheads started in UK in the 70s among working-class kids
Known for hard drinking and fighting
Harassed Asians and Blacks
- The Racist Skinhead Counterculture:
o Important aspect of the racist skinhead’s lifestyle is an active counterculture
o Magazine skinzines reports on skinhead lifestyles
o Promotes racist and non-racist ways
o Hard rock music
Reactionaries and Radicals: The Classical Ideological Continuum
- Classical ideological continuum rooted in politics to the French revolution has endured the present time French
Revolution assembly representing both ideological sides (left and right)
o Left side were those for radical change and advocating for a complete re-ordering of society
o Right side were those who favored either the old order to slow change
o In the centre of the assembly sat those who favored moderate change and simply couldn’t make up their
mind as to what side to take
o Left, right and centre became modern ideologies
- Values interpreted from each position: free enterprise
o Left: free enterprise viewed with suspicion
o Right: might consider it to be untouchable
o Freedom of speech is noncontroversial by both the left and right but the right and left also disagree about
what kinds of speech should be protected/regulated
o The role of government is a debate that has its origins from the time of the American Revolution. The
right and left disagree about the degree the government should have a role in regulating life
- The positions have all shifted
- Modern era, nationalists or religious terrorists do not fit easily into the classical continuum
o For example, the UNITA was a leftist wing that fought alongside the Marxist revolution but became anti-
communist and pro-Western when it was supported by the US and South Africa during the civil war
against MPLA
An Ideological Analysis: From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe
- Reactionary = far and fringe right
- Radical = far and fringe left
1. Right-wing extremism: aggressively assert their status ad desire to return to their past glory which in their belief
system has been lost or usurped by an enemy group or culture they are nostalgic
2. Left-wing extremist: is future oriented seeking reform or destroying the current system they are idealistic
- Fringe-left ideology is usually an extreme interruption of Marxist ideology using theories of class warfare or
ethnonationalism
o Key justification: the fringe group pictures itself as a righteous champion of the poor and downtrodden
o They are concerned with destroying an existing order in the name of the championed class or national
group to with building the new order in the aftermath ie Red Army Germany
- Far-left ideology: applies to Marxist theory to promote class or ethnonational rights and characterized as radical
o Usually do not engage in political violence and often participate in western democracy
o French Communist Part regularly had its members elected at the national level
o The new path called Eurocommunism
- Liberalism is a concept that rose as a philosophical challenge to the absolutism practiced by monarchies
o Ideologies: political expression and equality under the law however not everyone had these rights
o The 19th century liberalism was highly contextualized and even conservative by modern standards
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o People’s rights movements are considered to be liberal in nature
- Moderate centre is best described as the stable, balancing segment of the political environment
o Political expression is conducted within accepted traditional institutions and rarely exhibited sustained
group-centre activism or agitation
o Draws both liberal and conservative support and is not adversarial
- Conservatism is a concept that evolved over time and within social and political contexts
o Edmund Burke was the founder
o Conservatives of the 19th century argued that rather than rejecting the past in factor of an idealized vision
of how humans ought to live, one should preserve the good features of the existing order radical change
should be questioned
o Modern ear traditional ‘conservatism’ Is committed to discriminating defense of social order against
change and reform
Traditional questions government intervention
o Neoconservative eschew the lack of activism among traditional conservative and advocates strong
international intervention
o Core trait of this is the aggressive promotion of democracy among allies and adversaries with the ending
of tyranny as the goal
- Far-right ideology characterized strong adherence to social order and traditional values
o Do not engage in political violence and have fully participated in democratic processes
o Organized political expression is often overt
o American and European contexts are important
European some right parties are nostalgic neo-fascists such as the German’s people’s union
In the US: the far right is characterized by activism among local grassroots organizations and has
no viable political party
- Fringe right ideology: rooted in ethno or religious superiority and terrorist violence is justified as protection of
the purity of the ideal order that has been attacked by inferior or non-religious groups
o Violence is an acceptable use because it is against those trying to disturb the order
o Like terrorists on the fringe left, the fringe right often has only a vague notion of the characteristics of the
new order after the revolution
o They are more likely to be violent and engage in bombings and other attacks that produce higher numbers
of victims
Ideologies and Ideals
- Ideologies: are systems of belief are deriving from theories that explain human social and political conditions
o Lowi describes one element as a ‘source of principles and means of justifying behaviour’
o Some ideologies are intricate, intellectual and dynamic like Marxism
o Some are uncomplicated and straightforward like nationalism
- They can be social, economic and political and constitute religious, racial or ethnic system of belief
- They guide the worldview and manner of living for individuals, groups and nations
- Anarchism:
o Left ideology and by-product of the social upheavals of mid 19th century Europe
o Anti-establishment
o Pierre-Joseph Proudhon said “property is theft” in his 1840 publican of what is property?
o Mikhail Bakunin, Sergei Nechayev and Petr Kropotkin are all Russians were the founders of modern
anarchism and support the destruction of the state, decentralization or power, atheism and individualism
o Opposed capitalism and Marx doctrine of building a revolutionary state
o Sergei Nechayev wrote revolutionary Catechism by stating that the revolution should have a single
goal/thought and was to destroy capitalism and state socialism
He believed in violently pursuing the revolution which became known as propaganda by the deed
Russian People’s Will practiced this from 1878-1881
- Marxism
o Radical socialism like anacharism is a leftist ideology that began in the turmoil of the mid 19th century
Europe and the uprising of the 1848
o More distribution of wealth
o Karl Marx is the found he and Engels argued that socialism was grounded in the scientific ‘discovery’
that human progress and social evaluation as the result of a series of historical conflicts
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o In each era, a thesis group rules the status quo and an antithesis group challenged the status quo resulting
in a socio-economic synthesis that created new relationships with the means of production
o Marx: the working class will produce a dictatorship of the proletariat in the communist society and
build a just and equal social order
o The Communist Manifesto the goal of overthrowing all existing social orders and letting the ruling
classes tremble at the Communist revolution
o Socialism was pragmatic and revolutionary
o Vladimir Illich Lenin, Ho Chi Minh and Castro Cuba based their revolutionaries on Marx
o in the 20th century occurred in preindustrial worlds Russia, China, Cuna, Vietnam and Nicaragua
- Fascism
o Rightest ideology with counterpoints to Marxism and anarchism
o Like Marx and Anarchy, Fascism derived from social turmoil in Europe i.e. Bolshevik’s (Communist)
revolutionary of Russia
o Rooted in a brand of extreme nationalism and championed superiority national heritage
o It demanded extreme obedience to law, order and the state and required cultural conservatism linked past
historical concepts
o Fascist created their own concepts of traditional values such as military duty, the Christian Church and
motherhood
o Strong opposition to democracy
o Mussolini was the first to consolidate power and create a fascist state
He was Hitler’s mentor
1. Italian Fascism: was nationalistic and expansionist Mussolini sent his fascist legions onwards of
conquest in North Africa, Abyssinia, the Balkans and Greece
2. German Fascism: was nationalistic and expansionist unlike Italians, Germans Nazi’s practice racial
supremacy and looked to the ancient past to symbolize a time of Tectonic tribal and racial glory
3. Spanish Fascism: nationalist and reject expansionist ideology. Franco regime successfully resisted
intimidation from Hitler to end World War Two on the German Side and Italy Spanish righted look
to Spanish institutions and history to consolidate power domestically and had strong ideological
influence in Latin American that lasted through the 20th century
- All three regimes were rooted in disciplined political parties, a charismatic leader, glorification of military and an
organized elite
- Fascist regimes during this time took root in Hungary, Bulgaria and Romanian
- Neofascism
o The first fascist regime movement collapsed in 1945 in the modern era right-wing regimes, organizations
and political parties have continued to promote neo-fascist ideals
o Chile, Greece, Argentina, Uruguay and El Salvador meet the fascist pattern
Left Wing Ideologies
- Group oriented and creating a collective political conscious
- On the far and fringe left this collective political conscious is considered a precondition to successful revolutions
- Cadre group which represents the interests of the class or national group
- Left political agenda reflects values that capitalism is inherently unequal
- Quality of Activism by Modern Leftists:
o Radial Leftists tend to Emp ‘Economic Rights” as a priority
Political rights are secondary to economic rights including guaranteed health care, a job, enough
income to support a household and retirement benefits
o Democratic Socialism Emp reform, not revolution
Non-violent distribution of wealth and services
The democratic socialist movements seek to influence policy
o Communists traditionally emp revolution, not reform
Orthodox Marxism claims to be scientific theory so class conflicts are inevitable, and a future
communist society is ensured
Some violent and insurgent tactics and terrorism as viable options
Insurgency into the 1980s
o Because democratic socialists are traditionally reformers and communists are traditionally
revolutionaries, they tend to distrust each other
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Document Summary

Violent ideologies: terrorism from the left and the right. Important aspect of the racist skinhead"s lifestyle is an active counterculture: magazine skinzines reports on skinhead lifestyles, promotes racist and non-racist ways, hard rock music. Classical ideological continuum rooted in politics to the french revolution has endured the present time french. Revolution assembly representing both ideological sides (left and right: left side were those for radical change and advocating for a complete re-ordering of society, right side were those who favored either the old order to slow change. In the centre of the assembly sat those who favored moderate change and simply couldn"t make up their mind as to what side to take: left, right and centre became modern ideologies. The right and left disagree about the degree the government should have a role in regulating life. An ideological analysis: from the left fringe to the right fringe.

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