BU127 Chapter 12 Notes
Ownership of a Corporation
• To create a corporation, an application for a charter must be submitted to the
appropriate government authorities (monitored by a board of directors elected by
the shareholders)
Benefits of Share Ownership
1. Management Voice
2. Dividends
3. Residual Claim: They may receive a proportionate share of the distribution of
remaining assets upon the liquidation of the company
Authorized, Issued and Outstanding Shares
• Authorized Number of Shares: is the maximum number of shares that a
corporation can issue as specified in the charter
• Issued Shares: refers to the number of shares that have been issued
• Outstanding Shares: refers to the total number of shares that are owned by
shareholders on any particular date
Earnings Per Share= Profit Available to Common Shareholders
Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding
• How profitable is the company?
• Expect a large EPS number for companies with higher stock prices
Common Share Transactions
• Common shares: are the basic voting shares issued by a corporation; called
residual equity because they rank after preferred shares for dividend and
liquidation distributions
No Par Value and Par Value Shares
• Par Value: is the nominal value per share specified in the charter; it serves as the
basis for legal capital
• Non Par Value Shares: are shares that have no par value specified in the corporate
charter
• Legal Capital: is the permanent amount of capital, defined by law, that must
remain invested in the business; it serves as a cushion for creditors
Initial Sale of Shares
• Initial Public Offering: the very first sale of a company’s share to the public
Sale of Shares in Secondary Markets
• Shares sold on the secondary market are not recorded in the companies financials
Shares Issued for Noncash Assets or Services
• Small companies often don’t have the money to pay for the services rendered so
instead they offer shares as compensation
• When a company issues shares to acquire assets or services, the acquired items
are recorded at market value of the shares issued (cost principle)
Shares Issued for Employee Compensation • Often Companies as incentives offer stock options to employees, which permit
them to buy shares at a fixed price
• In general a fair value of the options can be estimated by using specific valuation
methods and then compared with the exercise price to determine the additional
compensation expense for the period
Repurchase of Shares
• A corporation may want to purchase its own shares from existing shareholders for
a number of reasons:
o To increase the market price per share and the earning per share that
results from the reduction in the number of outstanding shares
• Cancelling Shares bought back at a lower price:
Common Share 1,700,000
Cash 1,500,000
Contributed Surplus 200,000
• Cancelling Shares bought back at a higher price:
Common Shares 1,700,000
Contributed Surplus 200,000
Retained Earnings 100,000
Cash 2,000,000
o Contributed Surplus can be used only for share transactions involving the
same class of shares
Dividends on Common Shares
• Dividends can be paid in cash or in assets or by issuing additional shares
1. Declaration date: the date in which the board approves the dividends (creates a
dividend liability)
Dividends declaredCommon 35,000
Dividend Payable Common 35,000
2. Date of record: date in which corporations prepares the list of shareholders to be
paid
3. Payment Date: the date that the cash dividend is paid to the investors
Dividends Payable Common 35,000
Cash 35,000
• The business must have sufficient retained earnings and sufficient cash to pay the
divid
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