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Textbook Notes (368,434)
Canada (161,878)
Wilfrid Laurier University (7,880)
Psychology (1,978)
PS101 (452)
Mindi Foster (69)
Chapter 12

Chapter 12.docx

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School
Wilfrid Laurier University
Department
Psychology
Course
PS101
Professor
Mindi Foster
Semester
Fall
Description
Chapter12NellieMcClungandtheothermembersofoneofCanadasgreatestandmostaccomplishedgroupstheFamousFiveAlongwithMcClungtheFamousFiveconsistedofIreneParlbyEmilyMurphyHenriettaMuirEdwardsandLouiseCrummyMcKinneyTheybattledsocialconventionandtheSupremeCourtofCanadain1927tohavewomenacknowledgedaspersonsMcClung19351945AccordingtotheBritishNorthAmericaActwhichgovernedCanadaonlyqualifiedpersonswereallowedtoserveintheSenateanduptothatpointwomenwerenoteligibleDefiningPersonalityConsistencyandDistinctivenessDistinctivenessisalsocentraltotheconceptofpersonalityPersonalityisusedtoexplainwhynoteveryoneactsthesamewayinsimilarsituationsIfyouwerestuckinanelevatorwiththreepeopleeachmightreactdifferentlyInsummarytheconceptofpersonalityisusedtoexplain1thestabilityinapersonsbehaviourovertimeandacrosssituationsconsistencyand2thebehaviouraldifferencesamongpeoplereactingtothesamesituationdistinctivenessWecancombinetheseideasintothefollowingdefinitionPersonalityreferstoanindividualsuniqueconstellationofconsistentbehaviouraltraitsLetslookmorecloselyattheconceptoftraitsPersonalityTraitsDispositionsandDimensionsApersonalitytraitisadurabledispositiontobehaveinaparticularwayinavarietyofsituationsasmallnumberoffundamentaltraitsdetermineothermoresuperficialtraitsAnumberofpsychologistshavetakenonthechallengeofidentifyingthebasictraitsthatformthecoreofpersonalityRaymondCattell195019661990usedthestatisticalprocedureoffactoranalysistoreduceahugelistofpersonalitytraitscompiledfactoranalysiscorrelationsamongmanyvariablesareanalyzedtoidentifycloselyrelatedclustersofvariablesindividualspersonalitycanbedescribedcompletelybymeasuringjust16traitsTheFiveFactorModelofPersonalityTraitsMcCraeandCostamaintainthatmostpersonalitytraitsarederivedfromjustfivehigherordertraitsthathavecometobeknownastheBigFiveextraversionneuroticismopennesstoexperienceagreeablenessandconscientiousnessExtraversionPeoplewhoscorehighinextraversionarecharacterizedasoutgoingsociableupbeatfriendlyassertiveandgregariousNeurotidsmPeoplewhoscorehighinneuroticismtendtobeanxioushostileselfconsciousinsecureandvulnerableOpennesstoexperienceOpennessisassociatedwithcuriosityflexibilityvividfantasyimaginativenessartisticsensitivityandunconventionalattitudesAgreeablenessThosewhoscorehighinagreeablenesstendtobesympathetictrustingcooperativemodestandstraightforwardConscientiousnessConscientiouspeopletendtobediligentdisciplinedwellorganizedpunctualanddependable1extraversioncorrelatespositivelywithpopularityandwithdatingagreatervarietyofpeopleConscientiousnesscorrelateswithgreaterhonestyhigherjobperformanceratingsandrelativelylowalcoholconsumptionOpennesstoexperienceisassociatedwithplayingamusicalinstrumentwhereasagreeablenesscorrelateswithhonestyThelikelihoodofdivorcecanalsobepredictedbypersonalitytraitsasneuroticismelevatestheprobabilityofdivorcewhereasagreeablenessandconscientiousnessreducespanNeuroticismisassociatedwithanelevatedprevalenceofphysicalandmentaldisorderswhereasconscientiousnessiscorrelatedwiththeexperienceoflessillnessandwithreducedmortalitythefivefactormodelhasbecomethedominantconceptionofpersonalitystructureincontemporarypsychologyJackBlock1995hasquestionedthegeneralityofthemodelHepointsoutthatthehigherordertraitsthatemergeinfactoranalysesdependtosomeextentontheexactmixofthemuchlargersetoflowerordertraitsthataremeasuredinthefirstplaceThusheassertsthatthefivefactormodelismorearbitrarythanwidelyappreciatedBrockUniversitysMichaelAshtonandhiscolleaguesarguedthathonestyhumilityoughttoberecognizedasafundamentalsixthfactorinpersonalityWelldividethesediversepersonalitytheoriesintofourbroadgroupsthatsharecertainassumptionsemphasesandinterests1psychodynamicperspectives2behaviouralperspectives3humanisticperspectivesand4biologicalperspectivesTheconceptofpersonalityexplainstheconsistencyinpeoplesbehaviourovertimeandacrosssituationswhilealsoexplainingtheirdistinctivenessFactoranalysiscanbeusedtoidentifyhigherordertraitsfromwhichspecifictraitsarederivedThereisconsiderabledebateastohowmanytraitdimensionsarenecessarytoaccountforthevariationinpersonalityNonethelessthefivefactormodelhasbecomethedominantconceptionofpersonalitystructureTheBigFivepersonalitytraitsareextraversionneuroticismopennesstoexperienceagreeablenessandconscientiousnessPsychodynamictheoriesincludeallofthediversetheoriesdescendedfromtheworkofSigmundFreudwhichfocusonunconsciousmentalforcesFreudsPsychoanalyticTheoryFreudlivedintheVictorianerawhichwasmarkedbysexualrepressionHislifewasalsoaffectedbyWorldWarIwhichdevastatedEuropeandbythegrowingantiSemitismofthetimesWellseethatthesexualrepressionandaggressivehostilitiesthatFreudwitnessedlefttheirmarkonhisviewofhumannaturePsychoanalytictheoryattemptstoexplainpersonalitymotivationandpsychologicaldisordersbyfocusingontheinfluenceofearlychildhoodexperiencesonunconsciousmotivesandconflictsandonthemethodspeopleusetocopewiththeirsexualandaggressiveurgesFirstinarguingthatpeoplesbehaviourisgovernedbyunconsciousfactorsofwhichtheyareunawareFreudmadethedisconcertingsuggestionthatindividualsarenotmastersoftheirownmindsSecondinclaimingthatadultpersonalitiesareshapedbychildhoodexperiencesandotherfactorsbeyondonescontrolhesuggestedthatpeoplearenotmastersoftheirowndestinies2
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