Learning – Thursday January 9, 2014
• What is Learning?
o Process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in
behavior or capabilities (knowing how)
• How Do We Learn?
o Initially guided by 2 perspectives
Behaviorism
Ethology
• Behaviorism
o Focused on how organisms learn
o Examined processes by which experience influences behavior
o Discovered laws of learning that apply to virtually all organisms
o Treated organism as tabula rasa
o Explained learning solely in terms of directly observable events
o Avoided unobservable ‘mental states’ (Wasn’t cared for as much)
• Behaviorism and Learning
o Respondent
Aka classical or Pavlovian
o Operant
Aka Skinnerian or Instrumental
• Respondent Conditioning
o Based on internal responses to naturally occurring stimuli (No training
required)
o Some things we encounter in the world naturally elicit a response in us
o When we pair things that don’t have a value, or have a different value with
these naturally occurring pairings, the “value free” or “differently valued”
items will come to take on the new meaning
• Language or Respondent conditioning
o Four terms
UCS = unconditioned stimulus
UCR = unconditioned response
CS = conditioned stimulus
CR = conditioned response
• UCS and UCR
o Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus that elicits a reflexive or innate, unconditioned response
(UCR) without prior learning o Unconditioned response (UCR)
Reflexive innate response elicited by the USC without prior
learning
• CS and CR
o Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Stimulus, that, through association with the UCS, comes to elicit a
conditioned response similar to the original UCR
o Conditioned response (CR)
Response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
• Getting a Response
o Natural responses are unconditioned responses evoked in response to an
unconditioned stimulus
o UCS▯ CR
o Lemon ▯Pucker
o Food ▯Salivating/Drooling
• Adding Neutral Stimulus
o Responses??
• Question
o Can I make something that is neutral, or relatively meaningless produce a
conditioned response in the organism?
o Refer to diagram in textbook
• Pavlov
o Studied salivary responses in dogs
Is a natural response – no learning involved
o Noted dogs salivated at sounds (footsteps; tone)
How did the ‘association’ with the tone come about?
• Types of CSUCS pairings
o Forward shortdelay
CS (tone) still present when food (UCS) presented
Optimal learning
o Forward trace
CS appears and then goes off
Best if delay is no more than 23 seconds
o Simultaneous
Presented at same time
Learning is slower
o Backward
Presented afterward
Little learning • Factors that enhance Acquisition
o Multiple CSUCS pairings
o Intense, aversive UCS can produce onetrial learning
o Forward (shortdelay) pairing
o Time interval between onset of CS and onset of UCS is short
• Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
o Extinction
Process in which CS is presented in absence of UCS
Causes CR to weaken and eventually disappear
o Spontaneous Recovery
After a rest period, and without any new learning trials, the
reappearance of a previously extinguished CR
Usually weaker than initial CR, extinguishes more rapidly
Mapping out spontaneous recovery refer to diagram
• Generalization & Discrimination
o Generalization
Stimuli similar to initial CS elicit a CR
Aids in survival
o Discrimination
CR occurs to one stimulus but not to another
• Higher Order Conditioning
o Chain of events which has 2 CS stimuli
o Expands influence of classical condition on behavior
• Variables Affecting Respondent Conditioning
o Response Dominance
Refers to the relative strengths of responses elicited by the CS and
UCS before they are paired
Best results when UCS is stronger
• Extinction
o Gradual
Systematic desensitization
o NonGradual
Flooding – real events
Implosion – imagine events
• Classical/Respondent/Pavlovian Conditioning influences many things
o Attraction to other people
o Positive, negative attitudes Both of above used in advertising
o Condit
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