FINE 2000 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Retained Earnings, Earnings Management, Cash Flow

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14 Jun 2016

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Net working capital investment decision -> diff btw current liabilities & c. assets. Book value: determined by ifrs; shown at their historical cost adjusted for depreciation. Market value is the price at which the firm can resell an asset. Financing flow is the change in the company"s cash plus the cash paid to investors. Financing flow= change in cash and cash equivalents - cf (or outflow) from financing activities. Interest paid by a corporation is a tax deductible expense; dividends are not. Thus, interest payments increase the amount of money available to creditors and shareholders. Marginal tax rate - tax paid on each extra dollar of income. Average tax rate - total tax bill divided by total income. Dividends are effectively taxed at a lower rate than interest income. 50% of capital gains (less capital losses) are taxed. Cf finance = dividends interest, new debt, new equity. Cash from assets (aka free cash flow) = cfo + cfi.

Related Questions

1. Which of the following is true of the change in the weighted average cost of capital of a firm? a. A decrease in the weighted average cost of the capital increases the value of the firm. b. An increase in the weighted average cost of the capital increases the value of the firm. c. A decrease in the weighted average cost of the capital decreases the value of the firm. d. A decrease in the weighted average cost of the capital increases the cash flow generated by the investments. e. Any change in the weighted average cost of capital results in no change in the value of the firm.

2. The cost of debt to the firm is adjusted for _____. a. marginal revenue generated b. taxes c. interest rate d. internal rate of return e. return to investors

3. The firm's cost of external equity capital is the same as the required rate of return on the firm's outstanding common stock. a. True b. False

4. The target capital structure of a firm is the capital structure that: a. minimizes the operating risk of the firm's assets. b. maximizes the tax shield created by debt. c. minimizes the default risk of long-term debt. d. maximizes the price of the firm's stock. e. minimizes the risk premium paid on long-term debt.

5. The correct discount rate for a firm to use in capital budgeting, assuming that new investments are as risky as the firm's existing assets, is its marginal cost of capital. a. True b. False

6. The component costs of capital are market-determined variables in as much as they are based on investors' required returns. a. True b. False

7. The rates of return, or costs, that a firm must pay to raise funds to invest in capital budgeting projects are determined by: a. the marginal revenue generated by investment in the new projects. b. the investors who purchase the firm's stocks and bonds. c. the internal rate of return of the firm. d. the cash flow generated by the investment in the additional projects. e. the dividend payout ratio fixed by the firm.

8. The marginal cost of capital _____ as more capital is raised during a given period. a. remains the same b. decreases c. increases d. changes in an unpredictable way e. approaches zero 10. The firm's cost of capital represents the maximum rate of return that a firm can earn from its capital budgeting projects to ensure that the value of the firm increases. a. True b. False

12. Omega Inc. has a history of abnormally high growth due to general economic fluctuations. Estimating the cost of common equity using the discounted cash flow approach is difficult because: a. the dividend yield is extremely difficult to estimate. b. the proper growth rate is difficult to establish. c. the market price of the common equity is very volatile. d. the firm grows at a constant rate in perpetuity. e. the firm's historical data of dividend yield is unavailable.

13. The cost of debt is equal to one minus the marginal tax rate multiplied by the coupon rate on outstanding debt. a. True b. False

14. Bouchard Company's stock sells for $20 per share, its last dividend (D0) was $1.00, its growth rate is a constant 6 percent, and the company would incur a flotation cost of 20 percent if it sold new common stock. Which of the following is the cost of issuing new common stock? (Round off the answer to two decimal places.) a. 11.96 percent b. 12.25 percent c. 12.63 percent d. 10.24 percent e. 11.42 percent

15. Which of the following is a capital component for the purpose of calculating the weighted average cost of capital in capital budgeting? a. The after-tax cost of long-term debt b. The after-tax cost of common stock c. The after-tax cost of preferred stock d. The after-tax cost of retained earnings e. The after-tax cost of new equity

16. Which of the following statements is true of the impact of tax on the cost of capital of a firm? a. All else being equal, an increase in the corporate tax rate results in a decrease in the weighted average cost of capital. b. The before-tax cost of debt is the cheapest component of the cost of capital since the tax paid is a deductible expense. c. The before-tax cost of debt is always less than the after-tax cost of debt of a firm. d. The tax paid on dividends of preferred stock reduces the amount of funds that the firm can use for financing capital budgeting projects. e. All else being equal, an increase in the equity capital that a firm raises by retaining earnings results in in the increase in the tax rate applicable to the firm.

18. A firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is: a. set by the board of directors of the firm because it is the benchmark they use to evaluate upper management. b. regulated by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) because tax-deductible debt is included in the computation. c. determined by the financial markets because investors provide the funds used by firms and these funds have costs, which are the returns demanded by investors. d. the same as the firm's internal rate of return (IRR). e. the total net present value (NPV) of all the capital budgeting projects in which the firm invests in any year.

19. Everything else equal, an asset's value is directly related to: a. the cost of raising additional capital. b. the rate of return investors require to invest in that asset. c. the risk associated with the investment in that asset. d. the cash flow the asset is expected to generate. e. the rate of return that the firm must earn to satisfy investors' demands.

24. If a project's _____ exceeds the firm's cost of capital, its NPV will be positive. a. marginal cost of capital b. cash flow c. rate of return expected by investors d. internal rate of return (IRR) e. discount rate

25. The cost of equity raised by retaining earnings can be less than, equal to, or greater than the cost of equity raised by selling new issues of common stock, depending on tax rates, flotation costs, the attitude of investors, and other factors. a. True b. False

26. The before-tax cost of debt, rd, is the same as the: a. average yield to maturity (YTM) associated with the firm's bonds. b. dividend yield associated with the firm's common stock. c. average coupon rate of the firm's bonds. d. return on equity if the firm has no preferred stock. e. the firm's marginal tax rate.

29. As per the Bond-Yield-Plus-Risk-Premium Approach, analysts estimate the cost of common equity by adding a risk premium of 3 to 5 percentage points to: a. the cost of preferred stock of the firm. b. the risk free rate of the common equity of the firm. c. the interest rate on the long term debt of the firm. d. the return on the firm's investment in municipal bonds. e. the growth rate of the firm.

30. The marginal cost of capital (MCC) is the cost of the last dollar of new capital that the firm raises, and the marginal cost declines as more and more of a specific type of capital is raised during a given period. a. True b. False

31. Which of the following statements is true of flotation costs? a. Flotation costs decrease the cost of preferred stock to the issuing firm. b. Flotation costs are added to the issue price of preferred stock to compute the cost of preferred stock. c. Floatation costs are added to the cost of debt to compute the weighted average cost of capital of a firm. d. Floatation costs result in higher funds available from the issue of preferred stock to the firm. e. Floatation costs increase the rate the issuing firm must earn to pay the preferred dividend.

34. Under normal circumstances, the weighted average cost of capital is used as the firm's required rate of return because: a. as long as the firm's investments earn returns greater than the cost of capital, the value of the firm will not decrease. b. returns below the cost of capital will cover all the fixed costs associated with the capital and provide excess returns to the firm's stockholders. c. it is comparable to the average of all the interest rates on debt that currently prevail in the financial markets. d. it is an indication of the return the firm is expecting to earn in future from all of its expansion plans. e. the weighted average cost of capital remains unchanged if the components costs of capital changes.

36. The cost of issuing preferred stock by a corporation must be adjusted to an after-tax figure because of the 70 percent dividend exclusion provision for corporations holding other corporations' preferred stock. a. True b. False

38. The after-tax cost of debt is used to calculate the weighted average cost of capital since we are concerned with the after-tax cash flows of the firm. a. True b. False

39. Beige Inc. plans to issue preferred stock that pays an $11.50 dividend per share and sells for $120 per share in the market. It will cost 4 percent, or $4.80 per share, to issue the new preferred stock, so Beige will net $115.20 per share. Which of the following is Beige's cost of preferred stock? (Round off the answer to two decimal places.) a. 8.89 percent b. 12.25 percent c. 11.50 percent d. 15.20 percent e. 9.98 percent

40. The Jackson Company has just paid a dividend of $3.00 per share on its common stock, and it expects this dividend to grow by 10 percent per year, indefinitely. The firm has a beta of 1.50; the risk-free rate is 10 percent; and the expected return on the market is 14 percent. Which of the following is the required rate of return as per the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) approach? a. 9 percent b. 12 percent c. 7 percent d. 16 percent e. 18 percent

41. J. Ross and Sons Inc. has a target capital structure that calls for 40 percent debt, 10 percent preferred stock, and 50 percent common equity. Ross' common stock currently sells for $40 per share. The firm recently paid a dividend of $2 per share on its common stock, and investors expect the dividend to grow indefinitely at a constant rate of 10 percent per year. Which of the following is the firm's cost of retained earnings? (Round off the answer to two decimal places.) a. 16.34 percent b. 10.42 percent c. 15.50 percent d. 12.20 percent e. 13.25 percent

42. Omega Inc.'s net income is expected to be $600,000 and the firm's payout ratio is 60 percent. The firm's common stock ratio is 30 percent and it has no preferred stock outstanding. Which of the following is the retained earnings break point for Omega Inc.? a. $400,000 b. $250,000 c. $375,000 d. $100,000 e. $800,000

43. Marigold Inc.'s common stock currently sells for $40 per share, but the firm will net only $34 per share from the sale of new common stock. The firm recently paid a dividend of $2 per share on its common stock, and investors expect the dividend to grow indefinitely at a constant rate of 10 percent per year. Which of the following is the cost of newly issued common stock? (Round off the answer to two decimal places.) a. 12.24 percent b. 13.56 percent c. 14.12 percent d. 16.47 percent e. 17.53 percent

44. Super Solutions Inc. is a constant growth firm, which just paid a dividend of $3.00, sells for $33.00 per share, and has a growth rate of 6 percent. Which of the following is the cost of retained earnings using the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach? (Round off the answer to two decimal places.) a. 12.55 percent b. 15.64 percent c. 16.25 percent d. 13.35 percent e. 12.40 percent

45. The _____ is equal to the average rate of return that investors require to provide funds to the firm in the form of debt. a. Coupon rate b. Yield to maturity (YTM) c. Maturity value d. Discount rate e. Internal rate of return

46. Oval Inc. has just paid a dividend of $1.50 per share on its common stock, and it expects this dividend to grow by 4 percent per year, indefinitely. The firm plans to issue common stock at $16. The firm's investment bankers believe that new issues of common stock would have a flotation cost equal to 4 percent of the current market price. Which of the following is the cost of newly issued common stock? (Round off the answer to two decimal places.) a. 14.16 percent b. 10.15 percent c. 15.36 percent d. 13.80 percent e. 16.92 percent

47. Diggin Tools just issued new preferred stock, which sold for $85 in the stock markets. Holders of the stock will receive an annual dividend equal to $9.35. The flotation costs associated with the new issue were 6 percent and Diggin's marginal tax rate is 30 percent. Which of the following is the component cost of preferred stock, rps? (Round off the answer to two decimal places.) a. 10.75 percent b. 10.52 percent c. 12.25 percent d. 11.70 percent e. 11.05 percent

48. Rollins Corporation is constructing its MCC schedule. Its target capital structure is 20 percent debt, 20 percent preferred stock, and 60 percent common equity. Its bonds have a 12 percent coupon, paid semiannually, a current maturity of 20 years, and sell for $1,000. The firm's marginal tax rate is 40 percent. Which of the following is Rollins' component cost of debt? (Round off the answer to one decimal place.) a. 8.4 percent b. 7.2 percent c. 6.8 percent d. 5.3 percent e. 9.5 percent

50. Coral Inc.'s preferred stock currently sells for $90 a share and pays a dividend of $10 per share; however, the firm will net only $80 per share from the sale of new preferred stock. What is the firm's cost of newly issued preferred stock? (Round off the answer to two decimal places.) a. 11.15 percent b. 12.50 percent c. 16.45 percent d. 10.52 percent e. 13.46 percent

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The goal of the firm is to ____ because _____. Answer maximize shareholders' wealth; it considers all risks invest funds in real estate; the return is longer maximize shareholders' profit; it is a short term outlook closely matching management goals Mike is paying $8,000 a year on his mortgage at 6% nominal annual interest. He has 15 more years to make payments. He wants to sell his house today. The lowest [minimum] price he can sell the house without losing any money on the house would be about ___. Answer $120,000 $ 50,000 $77,698 $ 186,208 A firm's net income before tax, EBT [NIBT] (on the income statement) is affected by _____. Answer taxes interest dividends Common Stock as listed on the Balance Sheet could include which of the following? Answer A) retained earnings B) additional paid in capital over par value C) preferred capital Both A) and B) If an asset is sold for ___ than its basis, the tax effect would be ____. Answer A) more; capital gain and depreciation recapture B) less; depreciation recapture C) more; capital loss Both A) and B) The main reason for a firm to have assets is to _______. Answer generate revenue match the liabilities and equity both of the above be able to borrow money and pay its debts none of the above The only risk you would NOT have in loaning money to the United States Government (Uncle Sugar) is _____ risk. Answer liquidity maturity default A(n) ____ shows _____. Answer balance sheet; sources and uses of funds income statement; net income as of a specific date cash flow statement; how well the firm is doing relative to its competition You can compare dollars _____ because ______. Answer computed using equations; any math is always correct at any point in time; time is never a factor if they are at nominal value; that is when decisions are made only at the same point in time; dollars can be invested to earn interest There ___ a tax benefit to the company with paying preferred dividends because _______. Answer is; investors can write them off is not; investors declare them as income is; the company can use the payments as an expense is not; the company cannot use the payments as an expense XYZ issued a 6% coupon, $1,000 par, 30 year to maturity bond. It is now 6 years to maturity. What is the price of the bond if the yield to maturity [market interest rate] is 10%? Answer $1,000 $659.46 $825.79 $705.33 The valuation process can be described as ______. Answer calculating the present value of an expected future cash flow using the investor's required rate of return as the discount rate calculating the future value of an expected future cash flow using the investor's required rate of return as the discount rate amortizing the value of the asset over its holding period The ______ is the minimum required rate of return a firm must earn on its investments. Answer net present value opportunity cost of capital or weighted average cost of capital. internal rate of return gross profit margin The value of an asset is the _____ dollar price someone is willing to pay for it. Answer usual maximum minimum Companies use ____ in capital budgeting project analysis because ________. Answer accounting profit; that is the total net income after tax cash flow; that is what the owners would receive from the project and reinvest accounting profit; that is what the owners would receive from the project and reinvest after tax cash flow; that is the result of prudent accounting When borrowing money, you want to know the ____ interest rate because ____. Answer nominal; it is the easiest to find. effective; it is the true cost of borrowing risk free; that is what the government pays Fed funds; that is what you would pay the bank Cash available to pay out to the investors after the firm pays for new investments or additions to working capital is _____. Answer a statement of cash flows operating after tax cash flow free cash flow net income An organization that raises money from investors and provides financing for individuals and businesses is a ___. Answer factor federal government regulatory unit state government taxing authority financial intermediary Negatives/cons of the Net Present Value (NPV) technique include: Answer least conservative reinvestment assumption multiple rates of return for non-conventional cash flows all of the above none of the above A fixed exchange rate means a country _____. Answer can only use gold coins as money is limited in the amount of paper money it can print can print money as the economy demands Your company is considering an investment with the following expected cash flows: Initial Investment = $407,596 Operating Cash Flows = $73,428 per year Terminal Cash Flow = $11,872. The company's WACC is 11% for similar risk projects. The proposed project would have an expected life of 9 years. Your boss asks you to do the analysis. You would tell your boss this proposed project ___ because ____. Answer is acceptable; NPV is about $3,620 is acceptable; NPV is zero should be rejected; NPV is about -$5,660 [negative $5,660]. should be rejected; NPV is zero All ratios are ___ and a reason to analyze ratios is ____. Answer good; to continue to look productive good and bad; because seemingly good ratios can be masking something bad bad; to try to rework the numbers to have them look good basically irrelevant; there really is no need to analyze financial statements When analyzing financial statements, ratio analysis gives ____ and provides insight into ____. Answer very little useful information; practically nothing good practice in logical thinking; what has occurred and the logic behind it financiers something to do during slow periods; how the financier spends his time accountants a reason to provide financial statements; why accountants do what they do while at work Given: Economic State[i]: Good Average Expected Return[i]: 10% 8% Probability[i]: 30% 70% What is the Standard Deviation? Answer 3% 8.4% 0.92% 5.6% Chapter 9: XYZ has a projected project to install a new press. The expected cash revenue is $175,000 per year. Expected yearly expenses are: Operatinf costs of $50,000; Rental of $17,000; Utilities of $20,500; and Depreciation of $10,000. The tax rate is 35%. What is the expected After-Tax Operating Cash Flow for the first year? Answer $65,500 $60,375 $77,500 $97,500 A stock just paid a dividend of $1.60 per year. The dividend is expected to grow at 3% per year indefinately. Equally risky stocks offer expected rates of return of 8%. What should be the stock price? Answer 53.33 $16.00 $32.96 None of the above. A plot of the CAPM is the _____. Answer wrong thing to do Security Market Line a function showing how to calculate TVM All of the above. Derivatives are used to ___. Answer divide one number by another find old ways to do things hedge risk none of the above With the end of the Gold Standard in the 1970's, what new risk did business face in the international market? Answer Comjpetition Exchange rate Worker compensation Property taxes One of the positive aspects [pros] of a Floating Exchange Rate System is ____. Answer money can be printed as needed to support financial/economic growth no/reduced inflation economic growth is reduced as a result of reduced liquidity [lower money supply] business planning is more difficult A(n) ____ contract obligates the seller to execute the contract and the contract is executed. Answer backwards forward future option What policies did countries institute after the Great War that help lead to the Great Depression? Answer A. Mandatory military service B. Trade restrictions C. High tariffs D. Isolationism Only B., C. and D. All of the above

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Making Long Term FM Decisions - Integrative Case

Introduction: As a special analytical group set up by ACME Iron by the firmâs Controller, you have been tasked to respond to the following issues raised in a meeting with the CFO.

You must look over several prospective financial strategies to aid in the successful growth of ACME Iron: Capital investment analysis; CAPM â Capital Asset Pricing Model determination for the company; WACC â Weighted Average Cost of Capital computations; EVA â Economic Value Analysis; MVA â Market Value Added; Capital structure of the company; Dividend policy; Stock repurchase and option pricing strategy; Bankruptcy risk analysis; Decision Tree Creation; Real option analysis of projects

The CFO wants to test you out on a simple project in the first task before you get into preparing items for his board presentation in subsequent tasks and projects. He wants to see how well you perform tasks as well as how accurate and thoughtful you are in your work. Details are important to him as well as good organization/presentation and communication.

Financial Statements for use on Tasks

ACME Iron		Balance Sheet

Assets
Current assets:	2014	2015	change
Cash	500,000	600,000	100,000
Investments	1,000,000	1,025,000	25,000
Inventories	110,000,000	117,000,000	7,000,000
Accounts receivable	11,750,000	12,500,000	750,000
Pre-paid expenses	2,500,000	2,600,000	100,000
Other	0	0	-
Total current assets	125,750,000	133,725,000	7,975,000

Fixed assets:	2014	2015	change
Property and equipment	165,000,000	175,000,000	10,000,000
Leasehold improvements	0	0	-
Equity and other investments	55,000,000	65,000,000	10,000,000
Less accumulated depreciation	15,000,000	15,500,000	500,000
Total fixed assets	235,000,000	255,500,000	20,500,000

Other assets:	2014	2015	change
Goodwill	75,000,000	70,000,000	(5,000,000)
Total other assets	75,000,000	70,000,000	(5,000,000)

Total assets	435,750,000	459,225,000	23,475,000

Liabilities and owner's equity
Current liabilities:	2014	2015	change
Accounts payable	40,500,000	42,400,000	1,900,000
Accrued wages	85,000,000	90,500,000	5,500,000
Accrued compensation	10,000,000	10,855,000	855,000
Income taxes payable	4,024,000	4,697,000	673,000
current portion of LT debt	5,500,000	10,350,000	4,850,000
Other	0	0	-
Total current liabilities	145,024,000	158,802,000	13,778,000

Long-term liabilities:	2014	2015	change
Long term debt	125,000,000	130,000,000	5,000,000
Total long-term liabilities	125,000,000	130,000,000	5,000,000

Owner's equity:	2014	2015	change
Common stock	122,000,000	122,000,000	-
Preferred stock	16,725,000	16,725,000	-
Accumulated retained earnings	27,001,000	31,698,000	4,697,000
Total owner's equity	165,726,000	170,423,000	4,697,000

Total liabilities and owner's equity	435,750,000	459,225,000	23,475,000

Income Statement

ACME Iron

December 2015

Financial Statements in '000s of U.S. Dollars

REVENUE
Gross Sales	250,000
Less: Sales Returns & Allowances	2,500
Net Sales		247,500

COST OF GOODS SOLD
Beginning Inventory	7,500
Add: Purchases	4,500
Freight-in	0
Direct Labor	75,000
Indirect Expenses	15,000
Inventory Available	102,000
Less: Ending Inventory
Cost of Goods Sold		102,000
Gross Profit (Loss)		145,500

EXPENSES
Advertising	7,500
Amortization	0
Bad Debts	5,000
Depreciation	500
Dues and Subscriptions	0
Employee Benefit Programs	18,750
Insurance	2,500
Interest	10,350
Legal & Professional Fees	100
Licenses & Fees	0
Miscellaneous	10
Office Expenses	100
Payroll Taxes	5,625
Postage	3
Rent	0
Repairs & Maintenance	5,000
Supplies	2,000
Telephone	120
Travel	1,750
Utilities	50,000
Vehicle Expenses	450
Wages	25,000
Total Expenses		134,758
Net Operating Income		10,742

OTHER INCOME
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets	0
Interest Income	1,000
Total Other Income		1,000

TAXES		4,697
Net Income (Loss)		7,045

TASK 2

In this task we are examining the current capital structure of ACME Iron and determining the WACC of the company. Assume that ACMEâs tax rate is 40%.

To compute the WACC you must first find the after-tax cost of debt, the cost of equity and the proportions of debt and equity in the firm. You can assume that the cost of debt before tax is 8% for the firm. Please clearly show how you derive each of these values:

After-tax cost of debt =

Cost of equity =

Proportions of debt and equity in the firm =

How do we compute the WACC in this circumstance? Why do we need to be concerned with the WACC?

Any insights into the capital structure of ACME Iron?

The weighted average cost of capital is the weighted average of the cost of equity and the after-tax cost of debt. Another way of looking at this is computing the effect of the capital structure on expected returns by investors.

WACC= S/B+S x Rs + B/B+S x RB x (1 â tc )

Where

S = value of equity

B = value of debt

Rs = cost of equity

After tax cost of debt: RB x (1 â tc )

Helpful Hint: One thing to bring up here is WACC is needed to determine risk on several levels. To determine risk we need to remember the following items:

1. Risk is deviation from expectations.

2. We need to set expectations for our investments in relation to risk and return. Higher risk = higher return.

3. Capital is obtained from the marketplace in two forms; equity and debt. This is the capital structure of a corporation and impacts the profits of a company depending on how this is managed.

4. We use our cost of capital to discount any cash flows from new investments (NPV and IRR analysis).

5. If cost of capital rises then our risk rises and the projects we undertake to increase sales and return to our investors is reduced.

6. If debt rises then our obligation to make payments on interest increases and profits can decrease if sales do not increase rapidly enough.

7. If risk increases our beta will increase to show the increase in risk. This will increase our required rate of return to stockholders (CAPM) and thus increase our required rate of return we must use in discounting future cash flows.

TASK 3

Acme is planning construction of a new loading ramp for its single iron mill. The initial cost of the investment is $1 million. Efficiencies from the new ramp are expected to reduce costs by $100,000 for the life of the plant which is currently estimated at another 30 years.

When will this project break-even on a simple cash basis and a discounted cash basis.

What is the NPV of the project if Acme has an after tax cost of debt of 8% and a cost equity of 12% (they are currently funded equally by debt and equity)?

Helpful Hint: The first step in conducting an NPV analysis is to include all the relevant cash flows. This includes savings from taxes and any expenses directly related to the venture. We reject any project with a negative NPV.

FINE 2000 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Retained Earnings, Earnings Management, Cash Flow

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