MODR 1770 Chapter Notes -False Dilemma, Begging, Ad Hominem

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pinkcrocodile505

14 Dec 2011

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Inductive arguments: strong inductive arguments are once that when the premises are true, it gives us good reason that the conclusion is, sound inductive argument: strong inductive argument, with a credible premise. Prima facie: when one is making a reasonable claim to an argument although the argument is open to revisions or other considerations, these may not be corrected, but is only based on an initial observation. Is a common type of argument that has considerable persuasive power. Informal fallacies: are also known as fallacies of illusory support, try to persuade people that the premises are true, and try to persuade even though there is no support for the conclusion. Red herring (changing the focus: happens when arguer introduces an irrelevant issue distracting others from the question at hand, rhetorical effect: takes the focus away from the proponents weak part of their argument.

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For example, consider the following argument:
"Measles can't be cured by antibiotics, since Measles is caused by a virus, and antibiotics can't cure a viral infection."

We can see that the argument contains the word "since," which is a premise indicator. We know that what follows "since" will be the premises. We also know, through the process of elimination, that what precedes the word "since" is the conclusion. So my standardized argument will look like this:

1) Measles is caused by a virus. 2) Antibiotics can't cure a viral infection. therefore, 3) Measles can't be cured by antibiotics.

Now we can see the relationship of support between the premises and conclusion. We are asked to accept the conclusion, "Measles can't be cured by antibiotics," based on the two supporting premises. Notice that all of the premises and the conclusion are statements, that is, complete sentences that are either true or false. Also, notice that the premise indicator "since" has been omitted. We always omit premises and conclusion indicators when putting arguments into standard form and make sure that the components of our argument are statements, that is, complete sentences that are either true or false.

For credit on this assignment, do the following:

1) Put the following arguments into standard form:

a) "All dogs are carnivores, consequently, Max is a carnivore, for the reason that Max is a dog."

b) "Rebecca does not pray at the mosque, for she is not a Muslim and only Muslims pray at the mosque."

c) "To every existing thing God wills some good. Hence, since to love any thing is nothing else than to will good to that thing, it is manifest that God loves everything that exists."

2) Create your own argument:

a) Construct an argument of your own using two different premise indicators and one conclusion indicator with the following conclusion: "Now, more than ever, everyone needs to take a class in logic."

b) Then put the argument into standard form.

byzantiumtoad342

1. If a strong argument has a false conclusion, then not all its premises can be true.

True

False

2. Reference works, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias, are completely reliable sources of information, otherwise, they wouldn't be reference works.

True

False

3. You are rationally justified in accepting the view of the majority of experts in a given subject, even if this view turns out later to have been incorrect.

True

False

4. If someone has given bad reasons for a claim's acceptance, the claim should always be rejected.

True

False

5. If no reasons have been given for a claim's acceptance, the claim should always be rejected.

True

False

6. If you have reason to believe that an expert is biased, you should reject that expert's claim as false.

True

False

7. If we 'suspend judgment' on a claim, then we think the claim is false.

True

False

8. Our most reliable source of information about the world is our own observations.

True

False

9. Media consolidation (otherwise known as "media concentration") refers to the process of larger companies buying up smaller media companies.

True

False

10. Choose the answer that best characterizes the following passage: "The ensemble played an encore at last year's concert, and I'm pretty sure they played one the year before as well. So they will most likely play an encore at this year's concert."

This passage is neither an attempt at an argument nor an attempt at an explanation. It is just a series of claims.

This passage is an explanation.

This passage is an attempt at a deductive argument.

This passage is an attempt at an inductive argument.

11. Choose the answer that best characterizes the following passage: "Sheila's clarinet must be French. It's a Leblanc, and all Leblanc instruments are made in France."

This passage is neither an argument nor an explanation.

This passage is a deductive argument.

This passage is an inductive argument.

This passage is both deductive and inductive.

carmineseal21

Consider the sequence of numbers a0, a1, a2, a3, . . . defined by the equation an = floorï¼n + (n/6)ï¼ +ceilï¼ n â (n/10)ï¼. So a0 = 0, a1 = 2, a2 = 4, a3 = 6, a4 = 8, . . . . Show that the statement âan = 2n â n â Nâ is false, and name the type of argument that you have used to do this.

type of argumentsï¼direct reasoningï¼contrapositive argumentï¼contradictionï¼counterexample

MODR 1770 Chapter Notes -False Dilemma, Begging, Ad Hominem

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