Chapter 7 – memory
Different Kinds of info stored in LTM
different compartments in long term memory to store dif information
1 Procedural – memory of how to do things, actions and skills- ex your fingers
automatically know what numbers to press for your pin number even when u r mind
blanks out
2. Declarative – memory for facts
a) semantic memory
- general information about rules or things that we have over learned
- these memories are not linked to a specific time and place
- if asked what ppl do to shoqw affection u wouold say that they kiss, u ust
know that
- you just know the colour of a 5 dollar bill
- ppl have turkey for chirstmas
- general fact that ppl gereally tend to know
- your address – uve knwon it forever, you cant pinpoint when u leanred it so
its sematic , but if u just moved and have a new address and ur trying to
memorize this new address, this would be something n your epsidoic memory
b) episodic memory
- involves memory for specifc events or episodes rather than repeated ones
- these are usually unique events rather than repreated ones
- ex: the first kiss, its unique so u remember it
- this is autobiographic to your own life
- what did u have for dinner on Monday night – this is a specific epidsode, one
specifc unique event
- Implicit memory (incidental memory, unconscious – you don’t intentionally try to
remember it byut you just do) vs. Explicit memory (you wre intentialny trying to
remerber the information)
- ex: ex: you are told to rmeber the words on a page – this is explicit, biut if you also
remebr the colour of the words – this is implicit -When u ride a bike or tie your shoe you do not intnentioally try to remember but u
just remember it aurtomatically
-Explicit is under declarative
-Implicit is under procedural
Inablilty to recall info in LTM:
- Sometimes you know something but u are unable to remerb information that
is in your long term memory – why?
Pseudo forgetting: fake forgetting – the information never went into
memoery system in first place so they are not actually foregetting
Decay or displacement: if you don’t do something once stored in short
term it is going to decay and it will not be transferred to long term or it
will be kicked out
- ther are cases when it thje infor does male to long term memory store but u
are not able to access information
Why is onformation not accessible in LTM
1.
- Context-dependent forgetting or encoding-specificity principle
- Not able to recall because the cues used for retrieving information are
different from those used at encoding
- You are using an inappropriate search strategy
o Spme cuew from the classroom can be incorporated with the
information beting taught therefore if the cures that were there whaen
u learned the material match the cures being used when later trying to
remerbe the info then chances are you will be able to remebr the info –
the problem is when their is a mismatch between cues when u learned
info and remerbing info, thats when ur using inapprpitpate search
stratedgy
o Ex: someone says do u remember Jane from party, ans they so no,
then ub say she used to go out with Joe, and they say no, then u say
remerber the ugly dress she was wearing, then they say yes – when u
first meet someone u don’t remerb their name, yuo remerb what they
lok like and their personality therefoe u met jane, you payed attentionto her clothing therefore when her name or her bf name are
stated there is a mismatch, only when u say the dress, then u have
match because that was the cue used in encoding and retrieval –
therefore we forget things if the cues are not the same
o Ex: if prof runs into student at school they now they knoiw them from
the class, but if they run into them at store ourside of school they don’t
remerb from where – this is because of context – there is a mismatch
o You got something in your hand, the phone rings u leave and drop ehat
had in your hand but when u come back for it you cant find it because
cant remerb where u put it – but if u retrace your steps yuo are
recreating the context and the u remerb where u put it
o When listenting to CD at the end of one song before the next song
starts, you insntant;y know what the enxt song is going to be
2. interference (competition from other material)
encoding -> retention interval -> retrieval
- Retention means being able to contuie to remerb info that u leanred
- If you leanrd oinfo for a test and then could sleep btn the time u studies and
time u had to write it and there is no new material to remerber but if u have a
whole bunch of info thats new then u will have problems retrieving infoo at a
later point and time --?
a) Retroactive interference
o New information intereferes with the recall of older information
b) Proactive interference
o Older information interferes with the reacall of the newer information
- Ex: have an eco test coming up, u strat studying for eco, then u switch to
psych then u write eco test – then u may fin d that psych is starting to
interefere with the racal of the eco information - retroactive interference
- Ex: if u strudy psych then eco then wrote eco test, then u culd still have
psych strat to interfere with eco information andtherfore interfere with ability
to recall eco information
- When kids are small, they seem to reber information that is trivial ans
irrelevant – thats becasuw wat does a four year old have to commit ton
memory – they don’t have clutter that adults have therefore les interference
and therefore able to remerb things that are less important better Test 3 – Depth (or levels) of processing approach to memory
Level 1 l Appearance – ehichi wors Structural encoding – u
written in capitol letters, just process what it looks
how many letters like – not a good way if u
want the info to be
permenantent and remerb
it later
Level 2 l Sound – what ryhymes Phonemic
with wo
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