RETHINKING GENDER MATTERS IN DEVELOPMENT
- quote on working, independence, socio-economic power within work for
women (385)
- many agencies believe that policies focused on bettering the situation of
women, they only better the practical needs rather than strategically (387)
- strategic needs: genders needs that women identify because of their
subordinate position to men. Meeting strategic gender needs helps women
achieve greater equality and changes the subordinate position i.e. abolition
of sexual division of labour, less burden on domestic/child care, removal of
laws that inhibit women from owning property/access to credit/their body,
freedom of choice & equality, & more power/control against violence (388)
- practical needs: genders needs that women relate to in terms of their
socially accepted roles does not challenge or better the situation in division
of labour, domestic life it is rather response to neccesities of women and to
their daily responsibilities (388)
- WID: belief that development process was deteriorating women’s position in
developing countries solution: integration. It looks at womens lack of
access to resources as a result of their subordination (without raising the
question about the role of gender relations in restricting that access in the
first place (390) doesn’t fix problem: give a man a fish he’ll eat for a die,
but teach him how to fish and he’ll eat forever
- WAD: questioning that WID looked at exclusion of women from the
development process rather than the process that was the problem.
- DAWN: development policies ignore the structural constraints faced by low
income and middle income countries unless the models of development
were transformed into more equitable approach, there could be no justice for
southern women (390)
- GAD: looks at gender relations and how it affects development projects and
gendered processes of development this approach has been taken into a
range of development practices/policies
Environmental Conservation:
- environment also an issue in development look at scarcity of natural
resources, the exploitation for commercial use or subsistence livelihoods,
and future conservation of quality/quantity of resources (390)
- ecofeminism approach ; Vandana Shiva (ecofeminist): development model
has promoted economic development, but as been harmful to environment
and women by disregarding both as spiritual and sacred elements that are
interconnected
- ecofeminist tied with WED: urges policy makers to identify women and the
key agents of environmental conservation, and to create women only
projectsi.e.: community & joint forestry management: to increase peoples
incentive to sustainable forestry; these programs highlight the importance of
conservation, the right of women to land, and allow women to venture into
the market of forestry (391) - recognition of roles of forestry and conservation, as well as role of women
and their knowledge very related to WID approach where mobilization of
women’s labour into forestry and benefit from their skills and knowledge
(391)
- however, there is little concern with the time, energy, and opportunity
costs of women’s involvement in such projects, and women’s labour is
simply seen as flexible input into forestry management and ignoring
the fact that women switch time/effort from independent
projects/work that may give them income (391)
- also, women are rarely involved and their voices are rarely heard in
project i.e. India, authorities have closed newly forested areas; this
cuts women off from major sources of firewood, domestic use, and
income (392)
- WID AND WED both focuses on women, rather than on gender relations and
men’s gendered resource-related activities ignores class and other
differences between women (392)
- WED discussion and approach changed over time women seen as victims
of environmental degradation, natural resource degradation (not allowing
women to perform their roles and necessities); however, certain
universalizing ideals and
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